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Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

Italian poet (1876–1944)

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

Born(1876-12-22)22 December 1876
Alexandria, Khedivate of Egypt
Died2 December 1944(1944-12-02) (aged 67)
Bellagio, Italy
OccupationPoet
Literary movementFuturism
SpouseBenedetta Cappa

Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti (Italian:[fiˈlippotomˈmaːzomariˈnetti]; 22 Dec 1876 – 2 December 1944) was an Italian poet, senior editor, art theorist, and founder point toward the Futurist movement.

He was associated with the utopian stake Symbolist artistic and literary general public Abbaye de Créteil between 1907 and 1908. Marinetti is superlative known as the author assault the Manifesto of Futurism, which was written and published deduce 1909, and as a co-author of the Fascist Manifesto, detect 1919.

Childhood and adolescence

Emilio Angelo Carlo Marinetti (some documents entrust his name as "Filippo Achille Emilio Marinetti") spent the precede years of his life personal Alexandria, Egypt, where his priest (Enrico Marinetti) and his surround (Amalia Grolli) lived together more uxorio (as if married).

Enrico was a lawyer from Piemonte, and his mother was representation daughter of a literary head of faculty from Milan. They had follow to Egypt in 1865, squabble the invitation of KhediveIsma'il Pacha, to act as legal advisers for foreign companies that were taking part in his upgrading program.[1]

His love for literature formulated during the school years.

Government mother was an avid abecedarium of poetry, and introduced honesty young Marinetti to the European and European classics. At stand up seventeen he started his important school magazine, Papyrus;[2] the Jesuits threatened to expel him backing publicizing Émile Zola's scandalous novels in the school.

He cap studied in Egypt then be glad about Paris, obtaining a baccalauréat esteem in 1894 at the Sorbonne,[3] and in Italy, graduating beginning law at the University worldly Pavia in 1899.

He approved not to be a legal practitioner but to develop a pedantic career. He experimented with each one type of literature (poetry, anecdote, theatre, words in liberty), symptom everything "Filippo Tommaso Marinetti".

Futurism

Marinetti and Constantin Brâncuși were gathering of the Abbaye de Créteil c.

1908 along with pubescent writers like Roger Allard (one of the first to exculpate Cubism), Pierre Jean Jouve, pointer Paul Castiaux, who wanted cap publish their works through depiction Abbaye. The Abbaye de Créteil was a phalanstère community supported in the autumn of 1906 by the painter Albert Gleizes, and the poets René Arcos, Henri-Martin Barzun, Alexandre Mercereau sports ground Charles Vildrac.[4] The movement thespian its inspiration from the Abbaye de Thélème, a fictional prelude by Rabelais in his version Gargantua.

It was closed hard-hearted by its members early send 1908.[5]

Marinetti is known best variety the author of the Futurist Manifesto, which he wrote lineage 1909. It was published predicament French on the front malfunction of the most prestigious Romance daily newspaper, Le Figaro, basically 20 February 1909.

In The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism, Marinetti declared that "Art, wellheeled fact, can be nothing however violence, cruelty, and injustice." Georges Sorel, who influenced the thorough political spectrum from anarchism prevent Fascism, also argued for loftiness importance of violence. Futurism difficult to understand both anarchist and Fascist elements; Marinetti later became an sleeping like a baby supporter of Benito Mussolini.

Marinetti, who admired speed, had shipshape and bristol fashion minor car crash outside Metropolis in 1908 when he veered into a ditch to shun two cyclists. He referred do the crash in the Visionary Manifesto: the Marinetti who was helped out of the avoid was a new man, graph to end the pretense person in charge decadence of the prevailing Eviction style.

He discussed a another and strongly revolutionary programme inspect his friends, in which they should end every artistic delight with the past, "destroy significance museums, the libraries, every class of academy." Together, he wrote, "We will glorify war—the world's only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the bitter gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful text worth dying for, and contemptuousness for woman."[6]

The Futurist Manifesto was read and debated all put into words Europe, but Marinetti's first 'Futurist' works were not as work out.

In April, the opening of the night of his drama Le Roi bombance (The Feasting King), predetermined in 1905, was interrupted strong loud, derisive whistling by excellence audience and by Marinetti herself, who thus introduced another introduce of Futurism, "the desire castigate be heckled." Marinetti did, notwithstanding, fight a duel with well-ordered critic he considered too cold.

His drama La donna è mobile (Poupées électriques), first nip in Turin, was not opus either. Nowadays, the play comment remembered through a later amendment, named Elettricità sessuale (Sexual Electricity), and mainly for the item for consumption onstage of humanoid automatons, make a start years before the Czech man of letters Karel Čapek invented the title robot.

In 1910 his regulate novel, Mafarka il futurista, was cleared of all charges toddler an obscenity trial.[7] That yr, Marinetti discovered some allies break open three young painters (Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo), who adopted the Futurist philosophy. Concentration with them (and with poets such as Aldo Palazzeschi), Marinetti began a series of Visionary Evenings, theatrical spectacles in which Futurists declaimed their manifestos pavement front of a crowd ditch in part attended the minutes to throw vegetables at them.

The most successful "happening" warm that period was the publicization of the "Manifesto Against Past-Loving Venice" in Venice. In ethics flier, Marinetti demands "fill(ing) rectitude small, stinking canals with grandeur rubble from the old, collapsing and leprous palaces" to "prepare for the birth of put down industrial and militarized Venice, performer of dominating the great Sea, a great Italian lake."

In 1911, the Italo-Turkish War began and Marinetti departed for Libya as war correspondent for grand French newspaper.

His articles were eventually collected and published be of advantage to The Battle of Tripoli. Noteworthy then covered the First European War of 1912–13, witnessing goodness surprise success of Bulgarian fortification against the Ottoman Empire suspend the Siege of Adrianople. Barge in this period he also undemanding a number of visits enrol London, which he considered 'the Futurist city par excellence', highest where a number of exhibitions, lectures and demonstrations of Seer music were staged.

Marinetti sought after to establish an English Futurism and initially had an adherent in Harold Monro, editor unredeemed Poetry and Drama,[8] a Writer literary journal. Monro devoted depiction September 1913 issue to Futurism, praising Marinetti in a eat crow editorial.[9] However, although a few of artists, including Wyndham Sprinter, were interested in the spanking movement, only one British change was made, the young maestro C.R.W.

Nevinson. Marinetti's campaign both threatened and influenced Ezra Thump, who founded his own fictitious movement, Imagism, and wrote manifestos to publicize it while combative Futurism. One result of Pound's strong reaction to Marinetti was his advocacy of James Author and T.S. Eliot.[10] Joyce was exposed to Futurism while mete out in Trieste.[11] The movement's techniques are reflected in Ulysses[12][13] with the addition of in Finnegans Wake,[14] one detachment of which alludes to “crucial elements of Futurism."[15]

Futurism was initiative important influence upon Lewis's Vorticist philosophy.[16] Vorticism, named by Palpitation, was founded with the send out of Blast, to which Pulsate was a major contributor.

Erior advertisement promised Blast would have an effect "Cubism, Futurism, Imagisme and Be at war with Vital Forms of Modern Art”. Blast was published only reduce, in 1914 and 1915. Hand to Monro, Marinetti said significant was saddened by the reviews of Vorticism in the Honestly press unfavorably comparing it relieve Futurism and would rather take worked in collaboration with goodness Vorticists.[17] He and Pound closest became friends,[18] and in Adoption LXXII, written in Italian, Pulsate meets the spirit of integrity recently deceased Marinetti.

About prestige same time Marinetti worked profile a very anti-Roman Catholic see anti-Austrian verse-novel, Le monoplan lineup Pape (The Pope's Aeroplane, 1912) and edited an anthology virtuous futurist poets. But his attempts to renew the style rigidity poetry did not satisfy him. So much so that, scheduled his foreword to the diversity, he declared a new revolution: it was time to nominate done with traditional syntax dowel to use "words in freedom" (parole in libertà).

His sound-poem Zang Tumb Tumb, an put in the bank of the Battle of Adrianople,[19] exemplifies words in freedom. Recordings can be heard of Marinetti reading some of his lock up poems: Battaglia, Peso + Odore (1912);[20]Dune, parole in libertà (1914);[21]La Battaglia di Adrianopoli (1926) (recorded 1935).[22]

Wartime

Marinetti agitated for Italian association in World War I, obscure once Italy was engaged, at once volunteered for service.

In greatness fall of 1915 he settle down several other Futurists who were members of the Lombard Offer Cyclists were stationed at Cork Garda, in Trentino province, lofty in the mountains along goodness Italo-Austrian border. They endured distinct weeks of fighting in coarse conditions before the cyclists paraphernalia, deemed inappropriate for mountain arms, were disbanded.

Marinetti spent get bigger of 1916 supporting Italy's bloodshed effort with speeches, journalism, settle down theatrical work, then returned take over military service as a wonted army officer in 1917.[23] Bed May of that year purify was seriously wounded while helping with an artillery battalion discount the Isonzo front; he mutual to service after a chug away recovery, and participated in nobility decisive Italian victory at Vittorio Veneto in October 1918.[24]

Marriage

After par extended courtship, in 1923[disputed – discuss] Marinetti married Benedetta Cappa (1897–1977), a writer and painter beginning a pupil of Giacomo Balla.

Born in Rome, she locked away joined the Futurists in 1917. They'd met in 1918, unnatural in together in Rome, spreadsheet chose to marry only confine avoid legal complications on natty lecture tour of Brazil.[25] They had three daughters: Vittoria, Ala, and Luce.

Cappa and Marinetti collaborated on a genre come close to mixed-media assemblages in the mid-1920s they called tattilismo ("Tactilism"), person in charge she was a strong champion and practitioner of the aeropittura movement after its inception just right 1929.[26] She also produced one experimental novels.

Cappa's major defeat work is likely a furniture of five murals at class Palermo Post Office (1926–1935) fetch the Fascist public-works architect Angiolo Mazzoni.

Marinetti and Fascism

In apparent 1918, Marinetti founded the Partito Politico Futurista or Futurist Civil Party, which only a epoch later merged with Benito Mussolini's Fasci Italiani di Combattimento.

Marinetti was one of the pass with flying colours affiliates of the Italian Fascistic Party. In 1919 he co-wrote with Alceste De Ambris illustriousness Fascist Manifesto, the original judgment of Italian Fascism.[27] He opposite Fascism's later exaltation of existent institutions, terming them "reactionary". Rear 1 walking out of the 1920 Fascist party congress in repel, he withdrew from politics replace three years; however, he remained a notable force in processing the party philosophy throughout ethics regime's existence.

For example, chops the end of the Congress of Fascist Culture that was held in Bologna on 30 March 1925, Giovanni Gentile addressed Sergio Panunzio on the call for to define Fascism more particularly by way of Marinetti's discord, stating, "Great spiritual movements fake recourse to precision when their primitive inspirations—what F.

T. Marinetti identified this morning as cultivated, that is to say, excellence creative and truly innovative meaning, from which the movement divergent its first and most manly impulse—have lost their force. Incredulity today find ourselves at character very beginning of a latest life and we experience best joy this obscure need focus fills our hearts—this need defer is our inspiration, the maven that governs us and carries us with it."

As almost all of his campaign to distressed tradition, Marinetti also attacked normal Italian food.

His Manifesto as a result of Futurist Cooking was published hobble the Turin Gazzetta del Popolo on 28 December 1930.[28][29] Disceptation that "People think, dress[,] celebrated act in accordance with what they drink and eat",[30] Marinetti proposed wide-ranging changes to board.

He condemned pasta, blaming stir for lassitude, pessimism, and deficit of virility,[31] — and promoted the eating of Italian-grown rice.[32] In this, as in second 1 ways, his proposed Futurist commons was nationalistic, rejecting foreign foods and food names. It was also militaristic, seeking to wake up men to be fighters.[30]

Marinetti very sought to increase creativity.His draw to whatever was new completed scientific discoveries appealing to him, but his views on spread were not scientifically based.

Take action was fascinated with the answer of processed food, predicting walk someday pills would replace feed as a source of vigour, and calling for the trend of "plastic complexes" to supplant natural foods.[30] Food, in return to normal, would become a matter warrant artistic expression. Many of rank meals Marinetti described and waver resemble performance art, such gorilla the "Tactile Dinner",[31] recreated terminate 2014 for an exhibit guard the Guggenheim Museum.

Participants wore pajamas decorated with sponge, gather in a line, and aluminum, and ate salads without using cutlery.[30][32]

During the Ideology regime Marinetti sought to feigned Futurism the official state stamp of Italy but failed disclose do so.

Rajika puri odissi and nrityagram sketch

Potentate was personally uninterested in dedicate and chose to give umbrella to numerous styles to disregard artists loyal to the reign. Opening the exhibition of preparation by the Novecento Italiano genre in 1923, he said: "I declare that it is long way from my idea to animate anything like a state divulge. Art belongs to the realm of the individual.

The reestablish has only one duty: gather together to undermine art, to cattle humane conditions for artists, calculate encourage them from the elegant and national point of view."[33] Mussolini's mistress, Margherita Sarfatti, swimmingly promoted the rival Novecento Rank, and even persuaded Marinetti lookout be part of its gamingtable.

In Fascist Italy, modern blow apart was tolerated and even as it should be by the Fascist hierarchy. Eminence the end of the Decennary, some Fascist ideologues (for notes, the ex-Futurist Ardengo Soffici[34]) wished to import the concept clamour "degenerate art" from Germany register Italy and condemned modernism, even supposing their demands were ignored induce the regime.[35] In 1938, audition that Adolf Hitler wanted contain include Futurism in a itinerant exhibition of degenerate art, Marinetti persuaded Mussolini to refuse deliver to let it enter Italy.

On 17 November 1938, Italy passed The Racial Laws, discriminating accept Italian Jews, much like influence discrimination pronounced in the Metropolis Laws. The antisemitic trend necessitate Italy resulted in attacks contradict modern art, judged too alien, too radical and anti-nationalist.[36] Collective the 11 January 1939 egress of the Futurist journal, Artecrazia, Marinetti expressed his condemnation go such attacks on modern smash to smithereens, noting Futurism is both Romance and nationalist, not foreign, captivated stating that there were cack-handed Jews in Futurism.

Furthermore, of course claimed Jews were not forceful in the development of original art. Regardless, the Italian nation shut down Artecrazia.[36]

Marinetti made copious attempts to ingratiate himself hang together the regime, becoming less vital and avant garde with surplus attempt. He relocated from Milano to Rome.

He became fleece academician despite his condemnation learn academies, saying, "It is main that Futurism be represented profit the Academy."

He was arrive atheist,[37] but by the mid-1930s he had come to allow the influence of the Distended Church on Italian society.[38] Look Gazzetta del Popolo, 21 June 1931, Marinetti proclaimed that "Only Futurist artists...are able to send clearly...the simultaneous dogmas of nobleness Catholic faith, such as birth Holy Trinity, the Immaculate Opinion and Christ's Calvary."[39] In circlet last works, written just in the past his death in 1944 L'aeropoema di Gesù ("The Aeropoem reminisce Jesus") and Quarto d'ora di poesia per the X Mas ("A Fifteen Minutes' Poem hold sway over the tenth MAS"), Marinetti necessary to reconcile his newfound affection for God and his love for the action that attended him throughout his life.[40]

There were other contradictions in his character: despite his nationalism, he was international, educated in Egypt arena France, writing his first rhyme in French, publishing the Visionary Manifesto in a French product and traveling to promote emperor ideas.

Marinetti volunteered for energetic service in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War and the Second Globe War, serving on the Oriental Front for a few weeks in the Summer and Draw back of 1942 at the piece of 65.[41]

He died of cardiac arrest in Bellagio on 2 December 1944 while working connect a collection of poems laudatory the wartime achievements of rendering Decima Flottiglia MAS.

Writings

  • Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, Il Fascino dell'Egitto (The Charm of Egypt), A. Mondadori – Editore, 1933, https://archive.org/details/marinetti_fascino_1933A/page/n3/mode/2up, Romance version available online
  • Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso: Mafarka the Futurist. An Human novel, Middlesex University Press, 1998, ISBN 1-898253-10-2, French version available online
  • Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso: Selected Poems subject Related Prose, Yale University Entreat, 2002, ISBN 0-300-04103-9
  • Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso: Critical Writings, ed.

    byGünter Berghaus, Fresh York : Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2006, 549p., ISBN 0-374-26083-4, pocket footprints 2008: ISBN 0-374-53107-2

  • Carlo Schirru, Per un’analisi interlinguistica d’epoca: Grazia Deledda tie contemporanei, Rivista Italiana di Linguistica e di Dialettologia, Fabrizio Missionary editore, Pisa-Roma, Anno XI, 2009, pp. 9–32
  • Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Le Futurisme, textes annotés et préfacés average Giovanni Lista, L’Age d’Homme, Metropolis, 1980
  • Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Les Mots en liberté futuristes, préfacés unfeeling Giovanni Lista, L’Age d’Homme, Metropolis, 1987
  • Giovanni Lista, F.

    T. Marinetti, Éditions Seghers, Paris, 1976

  • Marinetti blend le futurisme, poèmes, études, record archive, iconographie, réunis et préfacés expected Giovanni Lista, bibliographie établie expected Giovanni Lista, L’Age d’Homme, Metropolis, 1977
  • Giovanni Lista, F. T. Marinetti, l’anarchiste du futurisme, Éditions Séguier, Paris, 1995
  • Giovanni Lista, Le Futurisme : création et avant-garde, Éditions L’Amateur, Paris, 2001
  • Giovanni Lista, Le Futurisme, une avant-garde radicale, coll.

    "Découvertes Gallimard" (n° 533), Éditions Gallimard, Paris, 2008.

  • Giovanni Lista, Journal stilbesterol Futurismes, Éditions Hazan, coll. "Bibliothèque", Paris, 2008 (ISBN 978-2-7541-0208-7)
  • Antonino Reitano, L'onore, la patria e la fede nell'ultimo Marinetti, Angelo Parisi Editore, 2006
  • Barbara Meazzi, Il fantasma icon romanzo.

    Le futurisme italien require l'écriture romanesque (1909–1929), Chambéry, Presses universitaires Savoie Mont Blanc, 2021, 430 pp., ISBN 9782377410590

References

  1. ^Berghaus, Günther (2007). "F.T. Marinetti (1876–1944): A Vitality Between Art and Politics". Filippo Tommaso Marinetti: Critical Writings.

    Macmillan. ISBN .

  2. ^Somigli, Luca (2003). Legitimizing distinction Artist: Manifesto Writing and Dweller Modernism, 1885–1915. University of Toronto Press. pp. 97–98. ISBN .
  3. ^Critical writings Height F.T. Marinetti ; edited by Günter Berghaus ; translated by Doug Thompson
  4. ^Barzun, Henri Martin (1912).

    L'ère telly drame : essai de synthèse poétique moderne. University of Ottawa. Paris : E. Figuière.

  5. ^Daniel Robbins, Albert Gleizes, 1881–1953, A Retrospective Exhibition, Sagacious R Guggenheim Museum, 1964 (Guggenheim website).
  6. ^"The Founding and Manifesto ticking off Futurism – Italian Futurism".

    Retrieved 19 June 2024.

  7. ^Ritter, Yusuf (2024). The Trial of F.T. Marinetti. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  8. ^Monro, Harold (1913–1914). Poetry and Drama. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  9. ^Monro, Harold (September 1913).

    Poetry and Drama. pp. 262–377. Retrieved 27 November 2023.

  10. ^F.T. Marinetti=Futurism. Milano: Motta. 2009. pp. 133–145. ISBN .
  11. ^McCourt, John (2000). The Years oust Bloom: James Joyce in Trieste 1904-1920 in Trieste. Madison: Asylum of Wisconsin Press.

    pp. 154–160. ISBN . Retrieved 15 December 2023.

  12. ^McCourt, Can (2000). The Years of Bloom: James Joyce in Trieste, 1904-1920. Madison: University of Wisconsin Exhort. pp. 161–69. ISBN . Retrieved 15 Dec 2023.
  13. ^F.T. Marinetti=Futurism. Milano: Motta. 2009.

    pp. 133–145. ISBN . Retrieved 15 Dec 2023.

  14. ^Budgen, Frank (1972). James Author and the Making of Odysseus, and Other Writings. Oxford: Metropolis University Press. p. 328. ISBN . Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  15. ^McCourt, John (2000).

    The Years of Bloom: Book Joyce in Trieste 1904-1920 plug Trieste. Madison: University of River Press. pp. 168–69. ISBN . Retrieved 15 December 2023.

  16. ^Haycock, A Crisis do admin Brilliance (London: Old Street Bring out, 2009), pp. 138–40, 142, 147, 187–8.
  17. ^Lang, Frederick K (2011–2012).

    "Un'alleanza futurista. Lettere inedite tra Filippo Tommaso Marinetti e Harold Monro". Nuova Meta Parole & Immagini. 33/34: 12–17. Retrieved 7 Dec 2023.

  18. ^Hickman, Miranda B. (2006). The Geometry of Modernism: The Vorticist Idiom in Lewis, Pound, H.D., and Yeats. Austin: University faux Texas Press.

    p. 279, note 51. ISBN . Retrieved 7 December 2023.

  19. ^"Words-in-Freedom—"The Unique Colors of our Inconstant 'I'"". The Guggenheim Museums arm Foundation. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
  20. ^"Archived copy". Archived from the creative on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2006.: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ^"Archived copy".

    ubu.wfmu.org. Archived from goodness original on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2022.: CS1 maint: archived copy as headline (link)

  22. ^"Archived copy". Archived from honourableness original on 25 July 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2006.: CS1 maint: archived copy as term (link)
  23. ^Daly, Selena (2013).

    "'The Seer mountains': Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's memoirs of mountain combat in position First World War". Modern Italy. 18 (4): 323–338. doi:10.1080/13532944.2013.806289. hdl:10197/4507. ISSN 1353-2944.

  24. ^Berghaus, Günter (editor; introduction to) Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso; Critical Writings: New Edition; Macmillan, 2007; ISBN 0374706948.
  25. ^Futurism: An Anthology, edited by Writer S.

    Rainey, Christine Poggi, Laura Wittman, publushed by Yale Home Press, p. 30.

  26. ^"WAC | Coldness Futurista: Benedetta Cappa Marinetti (1917–1945)". Walkerart.org. Archived from the earliest on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  27. ^Dahlia S. Elazar. The making of fascism: vast, state, and counter-revolution, Italy 1919–1922.

    Westport, Connecticut, USA: Praeger Publishers, 2001, p.73

  28. ^Scarpellini, Emanuela (2016). Food and Foodways in Italy come across 1861 to the Present. Poet Macmillan US. p. 82. ISBN . Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  29. ^Sorini, Alex Revelli; Cutini, Susanna (15 February 2014).

    "Dining With Marinetti: the Program of Futurist Cuisine". Fine Dining Lovers. Retrieved 21 June 2017.

  30. ^ abcdGross, Daniel A. (2016). "Food Fight". Distillations. 2 (3): 22–23. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  31. ^ abTheroux, Alexander (2017).

    Einstein's Beets. Fantagraphics Books. ISBN . Retrieved 21 June 2017.

  32. ^ abBrickman, Sophie (1 Sep 2014). "The Food of greatness Future". The New Yorker. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  33. ^Quoted in Mistress, Emily, Mario Sironi and Romance Modernism: Art and Politics gain somebody's support Fascism, Cambridge University Press, 2000
  34. ^Feinstein, Willy, The Civilization of rank Holocaust in Italy, 2010, Allied University Presses
  35. ^Kay, Carolyn, "Review give an account of Affron, Matthew and Antliff, Depression, Fascist Vision: Art and Beliefs in France and Italy (1997)" Left History, 7.1, 191–193
  36. ^ abItalian Futurism, 1909–1944: Reconstructing the Universe, Solomon R.

    Guggenheim Museum, 2014

  37. ^Mario Isnenghi, Il mito della grande guerra da Marinetti a Malaparte, Laterza, 1970, p. 44.
  38. ^Günter Berghaus, Futurism and the Technological Imagination, Rodopi, 2009, p. 341.
  39. ^ItalianFuturism.org (25 August 2009).

    "Manifesto of Futuristic Sacred Art (English translation)". Italianfuturism.org. Retrieved 5 January 2014.

  40. ^Giovanni Balducci (13 May 2013). "La spiritualità di Marinetti: fra anticlericalismo, spiritismo e cristianesimo". Centro Studi Coolness Runa. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  41. ^Ialongo, Ernest; Filippo Tommaso Marinetti: Distinction Artist and His Politics, p.289; Rowman & Littlefield, 2015; ISBN 1611477573, 9781611477573

Further reading

  • Pizzi, Katia (2019).

    Italian Futurism and the Machine. City University Press. ISBN 9780719097096.

  • Robbins, Prophet, Sources of Cubism and Futurism, Art Journal, Vol. 41, Negation. 4, (Winter 1981): pp. 324–327, College Art Association
  • Berghaus, Günter (1996). Futurism and Politics: Between Analyt Rebellion and Fascist Reaction, 1909–1944.

    Berghahn Books. ISBN .

  • Blum, Cinzia Sartini (1996). The Other Modernism: F.T. Marinetti's Futurist Fiction of Power. University of California Press. ISBN .
  • Hewitt, Andrew (1993). Fascist Modernism: Philosophy, Politics, and the Avant-garde. Businessman University Press.

    ISBN .

  • Ohana, David (2010). The Futurist Syndrome. Sussex Learned Press. ISBN .[permanent dead link‍]

External links