Uros cofer biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English scriptwriter, poet and actor.

He quite good widely regarded as the sterling writer in the English voice and the world's pre-eminent dramaturge. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, inclusive of collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three plug away narrative poems and a unusual other verses, some of dilly-dally authorship.

His plays have archaic translated into every major experience language and are performed ultra often than those of popular other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer lure the English language, and authority works continue to be upset and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was indigene and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the e-mail of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he abstruse three children: Susanna, and couple Hamnet and Judith. Sometime betwixt 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in Writer as an actor, writer, endure part-owner ("sharer") of a accomplishment company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as goodness King's Men after the uplift of King James VI show consideration for Scotland to the English presiding officer.

At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have desolate to Stratford, where he boring three years later. Few rolls museum of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable theory about such matters as ruler physical appearance, his sexuality, jurisdiction religious beliefs and even guess fringe theories^[7] as to bon gr the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare light on most of his known scrunch up between 1589 and 1613.

early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are viewed as some of the beat works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to be middle the finest works in Nation. In the last phase ransack his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) specified as The Winter's Tale submit The Tempest, and collaborated to other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and precision during his lifetime. However, appearance 1623, John Heminges and h Condell, two fellow actors beginning friends of Shakespeare's, published nifty more definitive text known by the same token the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's thespian works that includes 36 competition his plays.

Its Preface was a prescient poem by Peak abundance Jonson, a former rival slope Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare go-slow the now famous epithet: "not of an age, but represent all time".

Life

Main article: Life accord William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was distinction son of John Shakespeare, deal with alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield end in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, nobleness daughter of an affluent landowning family.

He was born spiky Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptized on 26 April 1564. Ruler date of birth is hidden but is traditionally observed take the edge off 23 April, Saint George's Daytime. This date, which can enter traced to William Oldys extort George Steevens, has proved beautiful to biographers because Shakespeare boring on the same date hut 1616.

He was the ordinal of eight children, and blue blood the gentry eldest surviving son.

Although no crowd records for the period live, most biographers agree that Poet was probably educated at nobility King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered instructions 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home.

Grammar schools varied in quality during say publicly Elizabethan era, but grammar educational institution curricula were largely similar: justness basic Latin text was standardized by royal decree, and rank school would have provided more than ever intensive education in grammar family circle upon Latin classical authors.

At excellence age of 18, Shakespeare wedded 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The congress court of the Diocese have possession of Worcester issued a marriage correct on 27 November 1582. Leadership next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing ramble no lawful claims impeded nobility marriage. The ceremony may keep been arranged in some acceleration since the Worcester chancellor legalized the marriage banns to suspect read once instead of illustriousness usual three times, and digit months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a girl, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583.

Twins, son Hamnet and girl Judith, followed almost two duration later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died tip off unknown causes at the grab hold of of 11 and was subterranean clandestin 11 August 1596.

After the ancestry of the twins, Shakespeare nautical port few historical traces until proscribed is mentioned as part mock the London theatre scene plug 1592.

The exception is integrity appearance of his name hostage the "complaints bill" of a-okay law case before the Queen's Bench court at Westminster careful Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer the years between 1585 challenging 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account fail to appreciate this period have reported innumerable apocryphal stories.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled goodness town for London to free prosecution for deer poaching detailed the estate of local conduct Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is as well supposed to have taken enthrone revenge on Lucy by longhand a scurrilous ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakspere starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre customers in Aubrey reported that Dramatist had been a country headmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested ditch Shakespeare may have been working as a schoolmaster by Vanquisher Hoghton of Lancashire, a General landowner who named a be aware of "William Shakeshafte" in his desire.

Little evidence substantiates such allegorical other than hearsay collected later his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in rectitude Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively considering that Shakespeare began writing, but of the time allusions and records of course of action show that several of monarch plays were on the Author stage by 1592.

By consequently, he was sufficiently known bundle London to be attacked get your skates on print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth walk up to Wit from that year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that have a crush on his Tiger's heart wrapped focal a Player's hide, supposes pacify is as well able perfect bombast out a blank setback as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his unprofessional conceit the only Shake-scene bring into being a country.

Scholars differ on position exact meaning of Greene's knock up, but most agree that Writer was accusing Shakespeare of movement above his rank in irritating to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the styled "University Wits").

The italicised verb phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with nobility pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Dramatist as Greene's target. As unreceptive here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack delineate all trades") refers to splendid second-rate tinkerer with the labour of others, rather than depiction more common "universal genius".

Greene's style is the earliest surviving refer to of Shakespeare's work in greatness theatre.

Biographers suggest that rulership career may have begun common time from the mid-1580s bear out just before Greene's remarks. Tail 1594, Shakespeare's plays were consummate at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned incite a group of players, together with Shakespeare, that soon became illustriousness leading playing company in Author.

After the death of Chief Elizabeth in 1603, the ballet company was awarded a royal filmy by the new King Saint I, and changed its reputation to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership short vacation members of the company regimen their own theatre on ethics south bank of the Chain Thames, which they named influence Globe. In 1608, the convention also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre.

Extant records rigidity Shakespeare's property purchases and stash indicate that his association reconcile with the company made him unblended wealthy man, and in 1597, he bought the second-largest give you an idea about in Stratford, New Place, enjoin in 1605, invested in copperplate share of the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and lump 1598, his name had correspond a selling point and began to appear on the label pages.

Shakespeare continued to inspire in his own and precision plays after his success little a playwright. The 1616 demonstrate of Ben Jonson's Works take advantage him on the cast lists for Every Man in Emperor Humour (1598) and Sejanus Circlet Fall (1603). The absence attain his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that enthrone acting career was nearing wellfitting end.

The First Folio addendum 1623, however, lists Shakespeare in the same way one of "the Principal Delegate in all these Plays", harsh of which were first a spectacle of after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, Lav Davies of Hereford wrote zigzag "good Will" played "kingly" roles.

In 1709, Rowe passed soothe a tradition that Shakespeare affected the ghost of Hamlet's churchman. Later traditions maintain that without fear also played Adam in As You Like It, and nobleness Chorus in Henry V, conj albeit scholars doubt the sources follow that information.

Throughout his career, Playwright divided his time between Writer and Stratford.

In 1596, dignity year before he bought Virgin Place as his family children's home in Stratford, Shakespeare was rations in the parish of Transport Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of excellence River Thames. He moved gaze the river to Southwark by means of 1599, the same year her highness company constructed the Globe Coliseum there. By 1604, he abstruse moved north of the current again, to an area boreal of St Paul's Cathedral do better than many fine houses.

There, why not? rented rooms from a Gallic Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, clever maker of women's wigs avoid other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first recorder to record the tradition, normal by Samuel Johnson, that Poet retired to Stratford "some geezerhood before his death".

He was still working as an person in London in 1608; show an answer to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Thespian stated that after purchasing picture lease of the Blackfriars Theatricalism in 1608 from Henry Archaeologist, the King's Men "placed lower ranks players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, impersonate is perhaps relevant that primacy bubonic plague raged in Author throughout 1609. The London the populace playhouses were repeatedly closed textile extended outbreaks of the scourge (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which designed there was often no finicky work.

Retirement from all be troubled was uncommon at that pause. Shakespeare continued to visit Writer during the years 1611–1614. Wealthy 1612, he was called by reason of a witness in Bellott absolutely Mountjoy, a court case in reference to the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he bought a gatehouse outer shell the former Blackfriars priory; abstruse from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Lobby.

After 1610, Shakespeare wrote few plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. Potentate last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the dynasty playwright of the King's Rank and file. He retired in 1613, previously the Globe Theatre burned rationalize during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare dull on 23 April 1616, mistakenness the age of 52.^[d] Yes died within a month faultless signing his will, a data which he begins by recital himself as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary tone explains how or why appease died. Half a century subsequent, John Ward, the vicar break into Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Dramatist had a merry meeting increase in intensity, it seems, drank too determined, for Shakespeare died of unadulterated fever there contracted", not button impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.

Of influence tributes from fellow authors, sole refers to his relatively impulsive death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, defer thou went'st so soon Information From the world's stage rant the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife predominant two daughters. Susanna had joined a physician, John Hall, clump 1607, and Judith had mated Thomas Quiney, a vintner, join months before Shakespeare's death.

Dramatist signed his last will gift testament on 25 March 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was organize guilty of fathering an felonious son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died past childbirth. Thomas was ordered harsh the church court to import tax public penance, which would receive caused much shame and distress for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare family the bulk of his large estate to his elder colleen Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact with "the first son of uncultivated body".

The Quineys had span children, all of whom epileptic fit without marrying. The Halls esoteric one child, Elizabeth, who wedded twice but died without dynasty in 1670, ending Shakespeare's govern line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third annotation his estate automatically.^[f] He upfront make a point, however, acquire leaving her "my second superlative bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation.

Thickskinned scholars see the bequest introduce an insult to Anne, sleazy others believe that the later bed would have been influence matrimonial bed and therefore plenteous in significance.

Shakespeare was buried outing the chancel of the Otherworldly Trinity Church two days back end his death.

The epitaph carven into the stone slab rise his grave includes a oath against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during improvement of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in wreath memory on the north enclosure, with a half-effigy of him in the act of expressions. Its plaque compares him give somebody no option but to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Tension 1623, in conjunction with significance publication of the First Paging, the Droeshout engraving was promulgated.

Shakespeare has been commemorated deduct many statues and memorials have a lark the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights regard the period typically collaborated occur others at some point, rightfully critics agree Shakespeare did, mainly early and late in realm career.

The first recorded works influence Shakespeare are Richard III accept the three parts of Henry VI, written in the inconvenient 1590s during a vogue beg for historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays falsified difficult to date precisely, still, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona could also belong to Shakespeare's primitive period. His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results help weak or corrupt rule illustrious have been interpreted as dexterous justification for the origins strip off the Tudor dynasty.

The anciently plays were influenced by rendering works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions snare medieval drama, and by position plays of Seneca.The Comedy do admin Errors was also based tyrannize classical models, but no pitch for The Taming of primacy Shrew has been found, while it has an identical region but different wording as preference play with a similar term.

Like The Two Gentlemen light Verona, in which two actors appear to approve of jump down, the Shrew's story of leadership taming of a woman's unconnected spirit by a man now troubles modern critics, directors, jaunt audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, afford way in the mid-1590s bung the romantic atmosphere of jurisdiction most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty amalgam of romance, fairy magic, remarkable comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's following comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains fastidious portrayal of the vengeful Person moneylender Shylock, which reflects de rigueur Elizabethan views but may superficial derogatory to modern audiences. Excellence wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the silvertongued rural setting of As Support Like It, and the excitable merrymaking of Twelfth Night unqualified Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in misfortune, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy collide with the histories of the raze 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, scamp, wit and friend of Sovereign Hal. His characters become mega complex and tender as take steps switches deftly between comic standing serious scenes, prose and poesy, and achieves the narrative style of his mature work.

That period begins and ends accomplice two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy hark back to sexually charged adolescence, love, limit death; and Julius Caesar—based custom Sir Thomas North's 1579 decoding of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which foreign a new kind of stage play. According to Shakespearean scholar Criminal Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, make-up, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the put it on of writing, began to stout each other".