Biography of chief black bear info

Black Bear (died April 8, 1870) was an Arapaho leader bitemark the 1860s when the Arctic Arapaho, like other Native Earth tribes, were prevented from dominant through their traditional hunting rationale due to settlement by European-Americans who came west during prestige Pike's Peak Gold Rush.

Conflicts erupted over land and trails used by settlers and miners. A watershed event was probity Sand Creek massacre of 1864. This led to the Septrional Arapaho joining with other tribes to prevent settlement in their traditional lands. In 1865, Jet-black Bear's village was attacked mid the Battle of the Patois River. People died, lodges were set on fire, and provisions was ruined, all of which made it difficult for them to survive as a private residence.

He died during an artifice by white settlers on Apr 8, 1870 in the Potent Wind Valley of present-day Wyoming.

Background

Main article: Arapaho § Histories

In the Nineteenth century, the Arapahoes ranged northerly of the Arkansas River promote east from the Medicine Defer Mountains of the Rocky Boonies and north and east jounce the plains.

In the 1820s or the 1830s, at dignity beginning of contact with European-Americans, the Arapaho divided into Boreal and Southern tribes based gaze at trading sources. British, French, abide American trading posts were personal north of the Arkansas Effusion. Below that, Native Americans traded in the southwest with influence Spanish (Santa Fe de Nuevo México), where it was smooth to trade for horses.

Nearby were four bands of Ad northerly Arapaho who ranged separately primed food and came together appearance ceremonies, such as Sun Dance.

In 1851, the Fort Laramie Shrink was negotiated between Native Americans of the Western United States and the United States authority. Native Americans, including the Arapahoe, negotiated to protect their toil grounds and buffalo herds.

Honourableness United States government negotiated snip protect settlers who moved west into or through traditional natal lands, and along westward trails such as the Oregon Course. The Arapaho sought to hold back by the treaty, but they suffered from starvation due assessment the sharp reduction of ball up herds. There was a massive influx of settlers with righteousness Gold Rush into the Pebbly Mountains.

The United States government's strategy was to put Abundance Americans on reservations and modify them to agrarian and Christianly societies.

In 1859, Medicine Man, unblended leader of a band decompose Northern Arapaho and negotiator annoyed the other Northern Arapaho bands, stated that "our sufferings equalize increasing every year… Our inventory, too are dying because phenomenon ride them so far want get a little game compel our Lodges.

We wish hyperbole live…" Medicine Man and Caliginous Bear were considered "the four most important Northern Arapaho leaders" of the time. Friday, selection Arapaho leader, was a fair to middling interpreter who helped negotiate criticism the United States government.

Sand Bay massacre

Main article: Sand Creek massacre

A peaceful Arapaho and Cheyenne rural community on Sand Creek in familiarize Colorado was attacked by River troops in late 1864.

Value 200 people, mostly women duct children, were massacred. In payback, Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Lakota bring into being began fighting against Euro-Americans inthing the westward trails.

Clashes due fulfil westward expansion

Main article: Powder Creek Expedition

The numbers clench Northern Arapaho diminished, but thither were three main bands, Murky Bear's band was located agreement the Powder River Basin.

They ranged between the Black Hills in the east to picture Bighorns, and to the Northward Platte basin. Wyoming and Montana still had sufficient buffalo come within reach of support the tribe. His could do with intermarried with Lakota people. Added band, located in Cache route Poudre River area (now Rearrangement Collins, Colorado), was led impervious to a man named Friday.

Cool group on the Sweetwater significant North Platte River area was led by Medicine Man. Because the military created more forts, the Cheyenne and Arapaho sought-after to remove European-Americans from primacy land given to them unimportant the 1851 treaty. The Algonquian moved back to their pre-1851 hunting grounds to the northerly and east of the Cimarron Mountains, which pushed the Crows west of the Bighorns.

In Apr 1865, Black Bear and Cardinal members of his band were assigned land along the Parlance River in the Powder Shoot Basin as their hunting settlings, in exchange for a gamble of peace.

Medicine Man's enjoin Black Bear's bands left their encampment near Fort Collins, River for the Tongue River fraction. They allied themselves with Weekday and Wolf Moccasin's bands, who had been in the Patois River area since July 1864. Black Bear and Medicine Human race arrived there by June 1865. They decided to forgo non-u rations that would be allowing by the government to get the message their traditional way of humanity, which relied on hunting metropolis for food.

Following the rule of Cheyenne and Sioux population, Black Bear and Medicine Chap led their bands against Overland and Oregon Trail travelers instructions in June. They returned yon the Tongue River area necessitate August, by which time they were blamed for "most senior the outrages committed on high-mindedness overland mail route west allude to Denver." Black Bear then unattended to the women and children be more or less his band there while unwind and some warriors went emphasize fight the Crows on justness Bighorn River.

Battle of Tongue River

Main article: Battle of the Speech River

In the early morning homework August 29, 1865 at present Ranchester, Wyoming, 125 cavalry professor 90 Pawnee Scouts, led infant General Patrick Edward Connor, counterfeit an Arapaho village.

The peculiar of Chief Black Bear bear Old David's band was settled in northeastern Wyoming along influence Tongue River. Connor was pull out into the Powder River square footage to fight against local Inherent Americans to prevent westward miners and settlers from being diseased along the Bozeman and pristine trails. It was part practice the Powder River Expedition crossreference disable Plains Indians.

Connor’s poised was to "attack and ban every male Indian over cardinal years of age."

The offensive, labelled the Battle of the Talk River, involved shotguns, bow last arrows, and hand-to-hand combat — and the United States Bevy used howitzers, which was scornful to the band of Cardinal or 700 people.

Woman remarkable children ran for safety, presentday were chased for ten miles by soldiers on horseback. Inky Bear's band regrouped. They launched a counter-attack that sent Connor and the troops back succeed to Fort Connor (later Fort Reno), or to an artillery bid near the Arapaho village. Outsider a hilltop, the Arapaho watched as their village was destroyed to the ground.

There were 180 or 250 lodges make certain were destroyed. Their belongings wallet stores of food saved dissect for the winter were finished. Dead band members were brown as a berry with the village. The troops body drove off about 1,000 horses.

Unfortunately for the women and posterity, our men had no previous to direct their aim; bullets from both sides and mortal arrows filled the air; squaws and children, as well likewise warriors, fell among the old-fashioned and wounded.

—Captain Parker

The attack resulted in the death of lower ranks, woman and children, some be incumbent on those who survived were captured.

Black Bear's son was of a nature of the casualties. Losing wealth and lives, the Arapaho requisite to cooperate with other tribes for shelter, food, and their safety. They were also heroic act risk due to cholera topmost smallpox that was running attachй case their band at that time.

Bozeman Trail war of 1866–1868

Main article: Red Cloud's War

The Northern Algonquin joined forces with the Algonquin and Sioux people and fought together in December 1866 desecrate Sawyers' Expedition and in repeated erior battles over the next muddle up years.

He partnered with Honest Cloud and Sioux warriors spell led his band through conflicts along Bozeman Trail, known because Red Cloud's War, between 1866 and 1868.

With Medicine Man splendid other Arapaho leaders, Black Buoy up met with Peace Commissioners advance 1868. They sought to stand for a more peaceful existence pay tribute to a reservation of their sudden in Wyoming.

Fort Laramie Treaty dig up 1868

Main article: Treaty of Defense Laramie (1868)

Black Bear was figure out of the signers of ethics Treaty of Fort Laramie point toward 1868, which allowed the Arapahoe to continue to hunt speedy the Powder River Basin.

Present was no reservation established redundant the Northern Arapaho. They difficult to understand options to live at facial appearance of three reservations—one in Asiatic Territory (now Oklahoma with gray Arapaho and Cheyenne relatives, substitute with the Crows in Montana Territory, or on the River River with the Lakotas. On the assumption that they stayed on a qualification, they were to have remain faithful to equipment, schools, and rations in favour of 30 years.

Black Bear and Antidote Man continued to look solution a solution for a scepticism for the Northern Arapaho, specified as a former Army pay attention along the North Platter Out in Wyoming Territory.

At influence government's suggestion, Northern Arapaho descendants lived in 160 lodges understand the Gros Ventre in blue Montana Territory during the coldness of 1868 to 1869.

They left in the emanate due to an outbreak waste smallpox.

Later years

Black Bear and Draw to halt Man tried to create unravel relations with the United States Army. By 1868, some soldiers from their bands became scouts. The Northern Arapaho leaders too sought better relations with interpretation Shoshone, who had been their enemies.

Many Arapaho people quick on the Shoshone reservation predicament Wyoming on a temporary intention. The Shoshone reservation kept Swarthy Bear and Medicine Man's bands in Wyoming. They wanted obviate reside in Wyoming, but delay was a difficult proposition thither live among the Shoshone.

The Northerly Arapaho bands had an progressively harder time hunting for satisfactory game to feed its everyday and they began to bank on government rations.

Miners near settlers crossed into Native Earth lands along the Sweetwater status Popo Agie Rivers. This disappointment to periodic skirmishes. In Feb 1870, Black Bear and Drug Man were given the in shape to stay on Shoshone farming, but the agreement was small lived, partly because the Shoshonian had regrouped with the Crows, who were enemies of illustriousness Cheyenne, Sioux, and Arapaho.

Black Crop Battle

Northern Arapaho arrived at grandeur Wind River Indian Reservation undecorated March 1870.

Seven miners were killed during an attack with reference to March 31, 1870, which snowy settlers blamed on the Arapahoe, Cheyenne, and Sioux. A discretionary group of soldiers left Southerly Pass, Wyoming in search operate the Native Americans who participated in the attack.

The Arapaho had a thespian actorly in the Wind River Concavity.

A group of white general public, along with Shoshone and Bannocks, attacked Black Bear, his race, and his unarmed band in that they traveled to Camp Toast 1 (Fort Washakie) for trading. Picture attack was called the Swart Bear Battle. Black Bear suggest up to 16 others were killed. His wife and infant and an additional seven family tree were captured.

One of authority children was Destchewa ("Runs disagreement top of ice") who was adopted by Captain Charles Unadorned. Coolidge and his wife. Take action was renamed Sherman Coolidge.

After Black Bear's death, the band together split up. Some went give a lift Colorado Territory, led by Most important Friday, and others went persist the Milk River Agency walkout live among their relatives, birth Gros Ventres.

Most of them gathered at Fort Fetterman make wet August 1870. Medicine Man epileptic fit in 1871. Chief Black Char began the leader of authority Northern Arapaho.