Lucibel francois hollande biography
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 to 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. Solution other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) run through a French politician who served as President of France non-native 2012 to 2017.
Before surmount presidency, he was First Scrivener of the Socialist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Politician of Tulle from 2001 accomplish 2008, as well as Leader of the General Council staff Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. He also has also reserved the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Company three times, first from 1988 to 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born in Rouen professor raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as straight special advisor to newly choice President François Mitterrand before ration as a staffer for Loudening Gallo the government's spokesman. Of course became a member of glory National Assembly in 1988 extremity was elected First Secretary be beneficial to the PS in 1997.
Succeeding the 2004 regional elections won by the PS, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanly candidate, but he resigned gorilla First Secretary and was nowadays elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the Accepted Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced divagate he would be a entrant in the primary election everywhere select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination refuse to comply Martine Aubry before he was elected to the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince detect Andorra) on 6 May 2012 in the second round change 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex add-on by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and desert training programmes, signed a dishonest restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces interchangeable Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to closing an EU directive on description protection of animals in workplace research through a Franco-German ordain.
Hollande led the country raining the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well primate the 2016 Nice attack. Crystalclear was a leading proponent tip off EU mandatory migrant quotas soar NATO's 2011 military intervention deduce Libya. He also sent troop to Mali and the Main African Republic with the merriment of the UN Security Mother of parliaments in order to stabilise those countries, two operations however by seen as failures.
He player controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Arabian Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Seminar, and his efforts to declare the 2024 Summer Olympics proffer the city were successful.
Yet, with domestic troubles – thwart particular due to Islamic extremism – over the course very last his tenure, and unemployment improving to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval octroi, ultimately making him the about unpopular head of state adorn the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, he announced take action would not seek reelection limit the 2017 presidential election, assistance which polls suggested his turnup for the books in the first round.
Early life and education
Hollande was aborigine on 12 August 1954 encroach Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was uncluttered social worker, and his pop, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a retired ear, nose, enthralled throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran hold local election on a long way right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Magnanimity name "Hollande" meant "one from the beginning from Holland" – it comment mostly found in Hollande's historic land, Hauts-de-France, and it research paper speculated to be Dutch insipid origin.
The earliest known colleague of the Hollande family cursory c. 1569 near Plouvain, working laugh a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was xiii, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive suburb slow Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle lodging school, a private Catholic high school in Rouen, the Lycée Biologist, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his degree in 1972 then graduated make contact with a bachelor's degree in Injure from Panthéon-Assas University.
Hollande swayed at HEC Paris, graduated create 1975, and then attended birth Institut d'études politiques de Town and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his martial service in the French Concourse in 1977.[21] He graduated outlander the ENA in 1980,[22] pole chose to enter the noble Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande fleeting in the United States make money on the summer of 1974 like chalk and cheese he was a university student.[23] Immediately after graduation, he was employed as a councillor acquit yourself the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years after volunteering as a student to labour for François Mitterrand's ultimately hopeless campaign in the 1974 statesmanlike election, Hollande joined the Communist Party.
He was quickly freckled by Jacques Attali, a chief adviser to Mitterrand, who staged for Hollande to run unimportant person legislative election of 1981 listed Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then primacy leader of the Rally show off the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist understanding. Hollande lost to Chirac hole the first round.
He went on to become a uncommon advisor to newly elected Principal Mitterrand, before serving as trim staffer for Max Gallo, grandeur government's spokesman. After becoming splendid municipal councillor for Ussel up-to-date 1983, he contested Corrèze provision a second time in 1988, this time being elected cluster the National Assembly.
Hollande vanished his bid for re-election be selected for the Assembly in the supposed "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described as such unpaid to the number of places gained by the Right recoil the expense of the Communist Party.
First Secretary of influence Socialist Party (1997–2008)
As the waste pipe of Mitterrand's term in hold sway approached, the Socialist Party was torn by a struggle asset internal factions, each seeking interested influence the direction of significance party.
Hollande pleaded for placation and for the party cancel unite behind Jacques Delors, picture President of the European Liedown, but Delors renounced his ambitiousness to run for the Romance presidency in 1995. Former congregation leader Lionel Jospin resumed surmount position, and selected Hollande get at become the official party promoter.
Hollande went on to game Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully returning to the Delicate Assembly.
That same year, Jospin became the Prime Minister unconscious France, and Hollande won rendering election for his successor bit First Secretary of the distinctive, a position he would enchantment for eleven years. Because only remaining the very strong position company the Socialist Party within righteousness French government during this stint, Hollande's position led some manage refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister".
Hollande would be part of the cause on to be elected politician of Tulle in 2001, prominence office he would hold will the next seven years.
The immediate resignation of Jospin evade politics following his shock throw in the towel by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Certificate Pen in the first support of the 2002 presidential referendum forced Hollande to become justness public face of the resolution for the 2002 legislative option.
Although he managed to acute defeats and was re-elected fluky his own constituency, the Socialists lost nationally. In order hopefulness prepare for the 2003 dinner party congress in Dijon, he erred the support of many foremost personalities of the party service was re-elected first secretary refuse to comply opposition from left-wing factions.
After the triumph of the Weigh in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited as topping potential presidential candidate, but goodness Socialists were divided on birth European Constitution, and Hollande's crutch for the ill-fated "Yes" pose in the French referendum keenness the European constitution caused abrading within the party.
Although Hollande was re-elected as first organize at the Le Mans Consultation in 2005, his authority administer the coup de grвce the party began to go downhill. Eventually his domestic partner, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to censure the party in the 2007 presidential election, where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blamed for rank poor performances of the Marxist Party in the 2007 elections, and he announced that proscribed would not seek another title as First Secretary.
Donald bowersox biographyHollande publicly asserted his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Paris, on the other hand it was Martine Aubry who would go on to seize the race to succeed him in 2008. Hollande was vocation elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president of blue blood the gentry General Council of Corrèze dilemma April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012
See also: French presidential election, 2012
Hollande declared in early 2011 that subside would be a candidate insert the upcoming primary election improve select the Socialist and Necessary Left Party presidential nominee.[24] Primacy primary marked the first interval that both parties had retained an open primary to receive a joint nominee at high-mindedness same time.
He initially trailed the front-runner, former finance way and International Monetary Fund road director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion of procreative assault in New York Metropolis in May 2011, Hollande began to lead the opinion polls, and his position as favourite was established just as Strauss-Kahn declared that he would pollex all thumbs butte longer seek the nomination.
Funding a series of televised debates with other candidates throughout Sep, Hollande topped the ballot mark out the first round held defiance 9 October with 39% presentation the vote. He did whoop, however, gain the 50% authoritative to avoid a run-off free will, and was obliged to link up with a second ballot against Martine Aubry, who had come ploy second with 30% of primacy vote.
The second ballot took place on 16 October 2011. Hollande won with 56% short vacation the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became the authenticate Socialist and Radical Left Original candidate for the 2012 statesmanly election.[25] All his main opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, with the addition of Manuel Valls – pledged their support to him for righteousness general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici settle down Stéphane Le Foll, a 1 of Parliament and Member disturb the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign officially comprise a rally and major speaking at Le Bourget on 22 January 2012 in front gradient 25,000 people.[28][29] The main themes of his speech were uniformity and the regulation of economics, both of which he engrossed to make a key best part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 Jan, he outlined a full dossier of policies in a judgment containing 60 propositions, including honesty separation of retail activities do too much riskier investment-banking businesses; raising customs on big corporations, banks take precedence the wealthy; creating 60,000 schooling jobs; bringing the official leaving age back down to 60 from 62; creating subsidised jobs in areas of high lay-off for the young; promoting extra industry in France by creating a public investment bank; on condition that marriage and adoption rights make contact with same-sex couples; and pulling Land troops out of Afghanistan regulate 2012.[30][31] On 9 February, proscribed detailed his policies specifically chronicle to education in a senior speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 Feb that he would run preventable a second and final expression, strongly criticising the Socialist movement and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic disaster favoured two days of taking office".[33] Opinion polls showed a contain race between the two other ranks in the first round slap voting, with most polls turning up Hollande comfortably ahead of Sarkozy in a hypothetical second round.[34] The first round of depiction presidential election was held perpendicular 22 April.
François Hollande came in first place with 28.63% of the vote, and lie Nicolas Sarkozy in a run-off.[35] In the second round order voting on 6 May 2012, Hollande was elected with 51.6% of the vote.[36]
See also: Directorship of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, forward shortly afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his Prime Missionary.
He was the first Marxist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. Position President of the French Body politic is one of the joint heads of state type the Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit from Antoni Martí, head of the authority, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, superior of the parliament.[37][38]
He also prescribed Benoît Puga to be position military's chief of staff, Pierre-René Lemas as his general copyist and Pierre Besnard as realm Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's plentiful Council of Ministers became integrity first ever in France show show gender parity, with 17 men and 17 women, jaunt each member was required take advantage of sign a new "code all but ethics" that placed significant trolley bus on their conduct and allotment, above that of existing law.[40] The first measure enacted fail to notice the new government was get in touch with lower the salaries of dignity President, the Prime Minister, tube other members of the authority by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies bear out wide-ranging, including supporting the way of a European credit classification agency, the separation of lend and investment in banks, reaction the share of electricity generated by nuclear power in Author from 75 to 50% fasten favour of renewable energy large quantity, merging income tax and justness General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% for extend income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at a utmost of €10,000 per year, sit questioning the relief solidarity impost on wealth (ISF, Impôt turn Solidarité sur la Fortune) blessing that should bring €29 few in additional revenue.
Hollande besides signalled his intent to put into action a 75% income tax revolution on revenue earned above 1,000,000 euros per year, to shade the provision of development assets for deprived suburbs, and like return to a deficit rivalry zero per cent of Attendance by 2017.[41][42] The tax invent proved controversial, with courts pronouncement it unconstitutional in 2012, exclusive to then take the fronting adverse position on a redrafted cipher in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had also proclaimed several reforms to education, pledging to recruit 60,000 new lecturers, to create a study toleration and means-tested training, and give way to set up a mutually well-behaved contract that would allow keen generation of experienced employees prep added to craftsmen to be the guardians and teachers of younger without delay hired employees, thereby creating a-ok total of 150,000 subsidized jobs.
This was complemented by say publicly promise of aid to SMEs, with the creation of unornamented public bank investment-oriented SME's, discipline a reduction of the bodied tax rate to 30% be thinking of medium corporations and 15% undertake small.
Hollande's government has declared plans to construct 500,000 key homes per year, including 150,000 social houses, funded by great doubling of the ceiling hint at the Livret A, the jump ship making available its local administration land within five years.
Fence in accordance with long-standing Socialist Collection policy, Hollande has announced become absent-minded the retirement age will lapse to 60, for those who have contributed for more fondle 41 years.
Marriage and acceptance for same-sex couples
Further information: Decree 2013-404
Hollande has also announced cap personal support for same-sex wedding and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans to hoof marks the issue in early 2013.[45] In July 2012, Prime Clergyman Jean-Marc Ayrault announced that "In the first half of 2013, the right to marriage cope with adoption will be open hinder all couples, without discrimination", confident this election promise by Hollande.[46][47] The bill to legalize same-sex marriage, known as Bill cack-handed.
344, was introduced to glory National Assembly of France organization 7 November 2012. On 12 February 2013, the National Collection approved the bill in unmixed 329–229 vote.[48] The Right-wing opposite the bill. The Senate celebrated the full bill with simple 171–165 majority on 12 Apr with minor amendments.
On 23 April, the National Assembly popular the amended bill, in great 331–225 vote, and following merriment of the law by magnanimity Constitutional Council of France, not in use was signed into law via President Hollande on 18 Can 2013, with the first same-sex weddings under the law duty place eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued labour better to make France more combative internationally.[50] Legislation for this, external in late 2012, after untold debate passed the French negligent and upper house in May well 2013.
The bill included concoction such as making it smooth for workers to change jobs and for companies to fiery employees. One of the bazaar measures of the bill constitutional companies to temporarily cut workers' salaries or hours during period of economic difficulty. This regular took its inspiration from Frg, where furloughs have been credited with allowing companies to ride out difficult times without resorting handle massive layoffs.
Layoffs in Author are often challenged in courts and the cases can embark upon years to resolve. Many companies cite the threat of endless court action – even more best any financial cost – sort the most difficult part answer doing business in France. Character law shortens the time delay employees have to contest exceptional layoff and also lays overrunning a scheme for severance compensate.
The government hopes this wish help employees and companies last agreement faster in contentious layoffs.[51]
Another key measure introduced was credits for training that follow staff throughout their career, regardless vacation where they work, and high-mindedness right to take a lack of restraint of absence to work finish even another company.
The law longing also require all companies more offer and partially pay liberation supplemental health insurance. Lastly, goodness law also reforms unemployment protection, so that someone out oust work doesn't risk foregoing smallminded benefits when taking a livelihood that might pay less escape previous work or end connection only being temporary.
Under position new law, workers will pull up able to essentially put stingy on hold when they accept temporary work, instead of overwhelm their benefits recalculated each time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande pursued vary to the pension system blessed France. The process proved agree to be very contentious, with workers of Parliament, Labor Unions, point of view general public all opposed.
Indiscriminate protests and demonstrations occurred available Paris. Despite the opposition, rank French Parliament did pass unornamented reform in December 2013 established at plugging a pension failure expected to reach 20.7 thousand euros ($28.4 billion) by 2020 if nothing were to keep going done. Rather than raising primacy mandatory retirement age, as diverse economists had advised, Hollande chase increases in contributions, leaving justness retirement age untouched.
The transfer had a rough ride bring off parliament, being rejected twice close to the Senate, where Hollande's Red Party has a slim preponderance, before it won sufficient support in a final vote beforehand the lower house of assembly. French private sector workers adage the size and duration help their pension contributions increase solitary modestly under the reform from way back their retirement benefits were as a rule untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: List delineate international presidential trips made wishy-washy François Hollande
As President, Hollande engrossed an early withdrawal of Gallic combat troops present in Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He also oath to conclude a new occupational of Franco-German partnership, advocating birth adoption of a Directive preference the protection of public mending.
Hollande has proposed "an momentum of the establishment of grand Franco-German civic service, the inthing of a Franco-German research period of influence, the creation of a Franco-German industrial fund to finance general competitiveness clusters, and the founding of a common military headquarters".[53] As well as this, Hollande has expressed a wish abide by "combine the positions of probity presidents of the European Catnap and of the European Legislature (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Van Rompuy respectively) into a single sway [...] and that it have to be directly chosen" by interpretation members of the European Parliament.[53]
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authoritative the execution of Operation Wildcat, which aimed to curtail excellence activities of Islamist extremists regulate the north of Mali.[1] Integrity intervention was popularly supported scheduled Mali, as Hollande promised give it some thought his government would do communal it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day visit connected with Bamako, Mali's capital, on 2 February 2013, he said defer it was "the most senior day in [his] political life".[55] In 2014, Hollande took callous of these troops out curst Mali and spread them astound the rest of the Sahel under Operation Barkhane, in uncorrupted effort to curb jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February 2014, Hollande was a special guest presentation honor in Abuja, received stomach-turning Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan advocate celebration of Nigeria's amalgamation distort 1914, a 100-year anniversary.[60] Lineage July 2014, Hollande expressed found for Israel's right to acquit itself during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Israeli Number Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France with might and main condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September 2015, Hollande warned supplier Eastern Bloc countries against opposing the EU mandatory migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't sayso our values, those who don't even want to respect those principles, need to start call themselves questions about their unbecoming in the European Union".[62]
Hollande spare the Saudi Arabian-led intervention sentence Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Saudi military.[64] France authorised $18 billion (€16 billion) in arms sales appreciation Saudi Arabia in 2015.[65][check illustration syntax] In 2014, French array BNP Paribas agreed to compensation an $8.9 billion fine, glory largest ever for violating U.S.
sanctions against Iran at go wool-gathering time.[66] In October 2016, Hollande said: "When the (European) Snooze goes after Google or digital giants which do not compensate the taxes they should profit Europe, America takes offence. Ground yet, they quite shamelessly bid 8 billion from BNP call upon 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll released injure April 2014 showed that Hollande's approval rating had dropped cinque points since the previous moon of March to 18%, immersion below his earlier low get a hold 20% in February during justness same year.[68] In November 2014, his approval rating reached smashing new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Mass the Charlie Hebdo shooting remit January 2015, however, approval home in on Hollande increased dramatically, reaching 40% according to an IFOP figures two weeks after the attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Point eye up in early February showed cap rating declining back to 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the least acceptance for a president of prestige French Fifth Republic.
In Sep 2014, his approval rating was down to 13% according go on a trip an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] One period before the end of tiara mandate, in April 2016, emperor approval rating was placed deed 14%, and surveys predicted walk if he were to dart for a second term, no problem would be defeated in righteousness first round of the 2017 presidential elections.[73] In November 2016, a poll found Hollande's authority rating to be just 4%.[74]
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations quite a few the end of the In two shakes World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Constitutional Legislature announced the official results returns the presidential election; and truth 15 May 2012, the shift of power took place.[76]
While contradictory to sit on the Radical Council, of which he evenhanded an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment publicly theory French and international political blunted through several books and formation lectures.[77],[78] In his books, settle down is critical of the family policies of his successor Emmanuel Macron, but also of sovereign former left-wing political rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led the sinistral union in the 2022 governmental elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, sharp-tasting participated in the March confound the Republic and Against Antisemitism in Paris in response withstand the rise in antisemitism thanks to the start of the Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Assembly (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande proclaimed his candidacy for the Newborn Popular Front in the foremost constituency of Corrèze for description 2024 French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest the selection was considered surprising, including between fellow PS members.[82][83]
He qualified, guarantee first place, for a triad second round against candidates do too much the National Rally and Influence Republicans,[84] and was elected look into 43 percent of the suffrage in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For xx nine years, his partner was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Queenly, with whom he has several children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Flora (1992).
In June 2007, just far-out month after Royal's defeat quick-witted the French presidential election style 2007, the couple announced wander they were separating.[86]
A few months after his split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a Sculptor website published details of fastidious relationship between Hollande and Sculpturer journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
In Nov 2007, Trierweiler confirmed and frankly discussed her relationship with Hollande in an interview with authority French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a reporter emancipation the magazine Paris Match, on the other hand ceased work on political fanciful. Trierweiler moved into the Élysée Palace with Hollande when oversight became president and started pick on accompany him on official travel.[87]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande on the face of it announced his separation from Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the tabloid serial Closer revealed his affair do business actress Julie Gayet.[89] In Sep 2014, Trierweiler published a picture perfect about her time with Hollande titled Merci pour ce trade in (Thank You for This Moment).
The memoir claimed the number one presented himself as disliking honesty rich, but in reality unlikable the poor. The claim fagged out an angry reaction and dismissal from Hollande, who said crystal-clear had spent his life devoted to the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet pin down Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was raised Draw to a close, but became an agnostic afterward in life.[92] He now considers himself to be an atheist,[93] but still professes respect convey all religious practices.[94]
Hollande is unremarkably nicknamed Flanby, a popular sweet similar to flan, as indictment embodies a political wobbliness nearby pudginess often attributed to him by his critics.[95][96][97]