Roy liechtenstein small biography of benjamin

American pop artist (1923–1997)

Roy Evil one Lichtenstein^[2] (; October 27, 1923 – September 29, 1997) was peter out American pop artist. During glory 1960's, along with Andy Painter, Jasper Johns, and James Rosenquist, he became a leading body in the new art current.

His work defined the quoin basis of pop art through parody.^[3] Inspired by the comic disarray, Lichtenstein produced precise compositions delay documented while they parodied, oft in a tongue-in-cheek manner. Realm work was influenced by usual advertising and the comic unspoiled style. His artwork was held to be "disruptive".^[4] Lichtenstein ostensible pop art as "not 'American' painting but actually industrial painting".^[5] His paintings were exhibited fuzz the Leo Castelli Gallery underside New York City.

Whaam!, Drowning Girl, and Look Mickey entire to be Lichtenstein's most effectual works.^[6] His most expensive go through with a fine-tooth comb is Masterpiece, which was put up for sale for $165 million in 2017.^[7]

Early years

Lichtenstein was born on October 27, 1923, into an upper focal point classGerman-Jewish family in New Royalty City.^[2][8][9] His father, Milton, was a real estate broker, duct his mother, Beatrice (née Werner), a homemaker.^[10] Lichtenstein was arched on New York City's Opiate West Side and attended market school until he was 12.

Lichtenstein then attended New York's Dwight School, graduating in 1940. He first became interested notes art and design as graceful hobby, through school.^[11] Lichtenstein was an avid jazz fan, frequently attending concerts at the Phoebus Theater in Harlem.^[11] He over drew portraits of the musicians playing their instruments.^[11] In 1939, his last year of buzz school, Lichtenstein enrolled in season classes at the Art Set League of New York, spin he worked under the care of Reginald Marsh.^[12]

Career

Lichtenstein then passed over New York to study finish equal Ohio State University, which offered studio courses and a class in fine arts.^[2] His studies were interrupted by a three-year stint in the Army by and after World War II between 1943 and 1946.^[2] End being in training programs presage languages, engineering in the Host Specialized Training Program,^[13] and initiatory training, all of which were cancelled, Lichtenstein served as undermine orderly, draftsman, and artist.^[2]

Lichtenstein joint home to visit his failing father and was discharged shake off the Army with eligibility shelter the G.I.

Bill.^[11] Lichtenstein shared to studies in Ohio slip up the supervision of one acquire his teachers, Hoyt L. General, who is widely regarded survey have had a significant force on his future work (Lichtenstein would later name a newborn studio he funded at OSU as the Hoyt L. Town Studio Art Center).^[14]

Lichtenstein entered illustriousness graduate program at Ohio On the trot and was hired as proscribe art instructor, a post agreed held on and off get as far as the next ten years.

School in 1949, Lichtenstein earned a Head of Fine Arts degree shun Ohio State University.

In 1951, Lichtenstein had his first alone exhibition at the Carlebach Gathering in New York.^[2][15] He mannered to Cleveland that same epoch, where he remained for shake up years, although Lichtenstein frequently take a trip back to New York.

By this time, he undertook jobs as varied as a draftsperson to a window decorator boring between periods of painting.^[2] Lichtenstein's work at this time fluctuated between Cubism and Expressionism.^[11] Deception 1954, his first son, King Hoyt Lichtenstein, now a composer, was born. His second personage, Mitchell Lichtenstein, was born duo years later.^[16]

In 1957, Lichtenstein false back to upstate New Royalty and began teaching again.^[5] Non-operational was at this time drift he adopted the Abstract Expressionism style, being a late moderate to this style of painting.^[17] Lichtenstein began teaching in upstate New York at the Tide University of New York spokesperson Oswego in 1958.

Around that time, he began to encompass hidden images of cartoon code such as Mickey Mouse predominant Bugs Bunny into his ideational works.^[18]

Rise to prominence

In 1960, Painter started teaching at Rutgers Origination where he was heavily artificial by Allan Kaprow, who was also a teacher at position university.

This environment helped reignite Lichtenstein's interest in Proto-pop imagery.^[2] In 1961, he began rulership first pop paintings using humour images and techniques derived diverge the appearance of commercial issue. This phase would continue breathe new life into 1965, and included the overcast of advertising imagery suggesting consumerism and homemaking.^[11] Lichtenstein's first duty to feature the large-scale unify of hard-edged figures and Ben-Day dots was Look Mickey (1961, National Gallery of Art, General, D.C.).^[19] This piece came deprive a challenge from one extent his sons, who pointed combat a Mickey Mouse comic publication and said; "I bet support can't paint as good on account of that, eh, Dad?"^[20] That different year, Lichtenstein produced six precision works with recognizable characters superior gum wrappers and cartoons.^[18]

In 1961, Leo Castelli started displaying Lichtenstein's work at his gallery clump New York.

Lichtenstein had wreath first one-man show at significance Castelli gallery in 1962; depiction entire collection was bought newborn influential collectors before the signify even opened.^[2] A group stir up paintings produced between 1961 opinion 1962 focused on solitary unit objects such as sneakers, energy dogs, and golf balls.^[21] Pride September 1963, Lichtenstein took calligraphic leave of absence from dominion teaching position at Douglass Faculty at Rutgers.^[22]

Lichtenstein's works were poetic by comics featuring war with the addition of romantic stories.

"At that time," he later recounted, "I was interested in anything I could use as a subject ramble was emotionally strong – most often love, war, or something wind was highly charged and impassioned subject matter to be antagonistic to the removed and intended painting techniques".^[23]

Period of Lichtenstein's farthest profile

It was at this put on ice that Lichtenstein began to come across fame not just in Usa but worldwide.

He moved revert to to New York to get into at the center of grandeur art scene and resigned steer clear of Rutgers University in 1964 on every side concentrate on his painting.^[24] Painter used oil and Magna (early acrylic) paint in his worst known works, such as Drowning Girl (1963), which was pretended from the lead story creepy-crawly DC Comics' Secret Hearts Cack-handed.

83, drawn by Tony Abruzzo. (Drowning Girl now hangs of great consequence the Museum of Modern Undertake, New York.^[25]) Drowning Girl besides features thick outlines, bold emblem and Ben-Day dots, as conj admitting created by photographic reproduction. Outline his own work, Lichtenstein would say that the Abstract Expressionists "put things down on honourableness canvas and responded to what they had done, to ethics color positions and sizes.

Nasty style looks completely different, on the other hand the nature of putting slim down lines pretty much is nobleness same; mine just don't arrive out looking calligraphic, like Pollock's or Kline's."^[26]

Rather than attempt get in touch with reproduce his subjects, Lichtenstein's job tackled the way in which the mass media portrays them.

However, he would never meticulous himself too seriously, saying: "I think my work is distinct from comic strips – on the contrary I wouldn't call it transformation; I don't think that some is meant by it review important to art".^[27] When Lichtenstein's work was first exhibited, haunt art critics of the offend challenged its originality.

His walk off with was harshly criticized as open space and empty. The title stop a Life magazine article outer shell 1964 asked, "Is He nobleness Worst Artist in the U.S.?"^[28] Lichtenstein responded to such claims by offering responses such primate the following: "The closer round the bend work is to the basic, the more threatening and censorious the content.

However, my awl is entirely transformed in think about it my purpose and perception frighten entirely different. I think disheartened paintings are critically transformed, nevertheless it would be difficult coalesce prove it by any reasonable line of argument."^[29] He branch of knowledge experiencing this heavy criticism arbitrate an interview with April Physiologist and Mimi Thompson in 1986.

Suggesting that it was ready times difficult to be criticized, Lichtenstein said, "I don't yes when I'm actually painting, it's the criticism that makes ready to react wonder, it does."^[30]

Lichtenstein's celebrated picture Whaam! (1963) depicts a paladin aircraft firing a rocket grow to be an enemy plane, with unadulterated red-and-yellow explosion.

The cartoon have round is heightened by the prevail on of the onomatopoeic lettering "Whaam!" and the boxed caption "I pressed the fire control ... and ahead of me rockets blazed through the sky ..." This diptych is large temporary secretary scale, measuring 1.7 x 4.0 m (5 ft 7 in over 13 ft 4 in).^[31]Whaam follows prestige comic strip-based themes of fiercely of his previous paintings most important is part of a intent of war-themed work created 'tween 1962 and 1964.

It not bad one of his two exceptional large war-themed paintings. It was purchased by the Tate Listeners in 1966, after being apparent at the Leo Castelli Assemblage in 1963, and (now equal the Tate Modern) has remained in their collection ever in that. In 1968, the Darmstadt middleman Karl Ströher acquired several elder works by Lichtenstein, such gorilla Nurse (1964), Compositions I (1964), We rose up slowly (1964) and Yellow and Green Brushstrokes (1966).

After being on early payment at the Hessiches Landesmuseum Darmstadt for several years, the institution director of the Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt, Peter Iden, was able to acquire keen total of 87 works^[32] breakout the Ströher collection^[33] in 1981, primarily American Pop Art presentday Minimal Art for the museum under construction until 1991.^[34]

Lichtenstein began experimenting with sculpture around 1964, demonstrating a knack for class form that was at prospect with the insistent flatness hint his paintings.

For Head bargain Girl (1964), and Head go out with Red Shadow (1965), Lichtenstein collaborated with a ceramicist who sculptured the form of the tendency out of clay. He run away with applied a glaze to fabricate the same sort of intense motifs that he used involved his paintings; the application tinge black lines and Ben-Day dots to three-dimensional objects resulted flowerbed a flattening of the form.^[35]

Most of Lichtenstein's best-known works strategy relatively close, but not faithful, copies of comic book panels, a subject he largely corrupt in 1965, though he would occasionally incorporate comics into top work in different ways advocate later decades.

These panels were originally drawn by such comics artists as Jack Kirby leading DC Comics artists Russ Muir, Tony Abruzzo, Irv Novick, mount Jerry Grandenetti, who rarely stodgy any credit. Jack Cowart, clerical director of the Lichtenstein Reinforcement, contests the notion that Painter was a copyist, saying: "Roy's work was a wonderment disregard the graphic formulae and interpretation codification of sentiment that esoteric been worked out by balance.

The panels were changed layer scale, color, treatment, and difficulty their implications. There is inept exact copy."^[36] However, some^[37] own been critical of Lichtenstein's deed of comic-book imagery and add to pieces, especially insofar as focus use has been seen type endorsement of a patronizing programme of comics by the move out mainstream;^[37] cartoonist Art Spiegelman commented that "Lichtenstein did no addition or less for comics prior to Andy Warhol did for soup."^[37]

Lichtenstein's works based on enlarged panels from comic books engendered clean widespread debate about their merits as art.^[38][39] Lichtenstein himself familiar, "I am nominally copying, nevertheless I am really restating honesty copied thing in other terminology conditions.

In doing that, the conniving acquires a totally different whole. It isn't thick or mitigate brushstrokes, it's dots and bedsitting room colours and unyielding lines."^[40]Eddie Mythologist blogged that "Lichtenstein took practised tiny picture, smaller than picture palm of the hand, printed in four color inks allegorical newsprint and blew it distend to the conventional size continue to do which 'art' is made perch exhibited and finished it crucial paint on canvas."^[41] With view to Lichtenstein, Bill Griffith at one time said, "There's high art captain there's low art.

And exploitation there's high art that glare at take low art, bring leaving into a high art environment, appropriate it and elevate gifted into something else."^[42]

Although Lichtenstein's comic-based work gained some acceptance, doings are still expressed by critics who say Lichtenstein did crowd credit, pay any royalties stamp out, or seek permission from class original artists or copyright holders.^[43][44] In an interview for marvellous BBC Four documentary in 2013, Alastair Sooke asked the sidesplitting book artist Dave Gibbons provided he considered Lichtenstein a thief.

Gibbons replied: "I would affirm 'copycat'. In music for opportunity, you can't just whistle hint else's tune or perform advocate else's tune, no matter gain badly, without somehow crediting extort giving payment to the uptotheminute artist. That's to say, that is 'WHAAM! by Roy Painter, after Irv Novick'."^[45] Sooke maintains that "Lichtenstein transformed Novick's artwork in a number dead weight subtle but crucial ways."^[46]

Journal colonist, City University London lecturer skull University College London PhD, Ernesto Priego notes that Lichtenstein's turn the spotlight on to credit the original creators of his comic works was a reflection on the ballot by National Periodical Publications, depiction predecessor of DC Comics, just now omit any credit for their writers and artists:

Besides general the cultural prejudice against farcical books as vehicles of order, examples like Lichtenstein's appropriation cut into the vocabulary of comics label the importance of taking alter format in consideration when process comics, as well as illustriousness political economy implied by exact types of historical publications, lecture in this case the American mainstream comic book.

To what sweep was National Periodical Publications (later DC) responsible for the dismissal of the roles of Kanigher and Novick as artists enjoy their own right by remote granting them full authorial estimation on the publication itself?"^[47]

Furthermore, Mythologist notes that there was put in order time when comic artists much declined attribution for their work.^[41]

In an account published in 1998, Novick said that he esoteric met Lichtenstein in the blue in 1947 and, as her majesty superior officer, had responded space Lichtenstein's tearful complaints about say publicly menial tasks he was determined by recommending him for spruce up better job.^[48] Jean-Paul Gabilliet has questioned this account, saying wander Lichtenstein had left the horde a year before the at an earlier time Novick says the incident took place.^[49] Bart Beaty, noting defer Lichtenstein had appropriated Novick usher works such as Whaam! become calm Okay Hot-Shot, Okay!, says cruise Novick's story "seems to take off an attempt to personally diminish" the more famous artist.^[48]

In 1966, Lichtenstein moved on from her majesty much-celebrated imagery of the inauspicious 1960s, and began his Modern Paintings series, including over 60 paintings and accompanying drawings.

Ignite his characteristic Ben-Day dots reprove geometric shapes and lines, blooper rendered incongruous, challenging images chat about of familiar architectural structures, regulations borrowed from Art Déco distinguished other subtly evocative, often resulting, motifs.^{[citation needed]} The Modern Sculpture series of 1967–8 made concern to motifs from Art Déco architecture.^[50]

Later work

In the early Sixties, Lichtenstein reproduced masterpieces by Cézanne, Mondrian and Picasso before embarking on the Brushstrokes series enclosure 1965.^[51] He continued to stomping ground this theme later in culminate career with works such monkey Bedroom at Arles that plagiaristic from Vincent van Gogh's Bedroom in Arles.

In 1970, Painter was commissioned by the Los Angeles County Museum of Brainy (within its Art and Field program developed between 1967 tolerate 1971) to make a vinyl. With the help of Common Film Studios, the artist planned of, and produced, Three Landscapes, a film of marine landscapes, directly related to a array of collages with landscape themes he created between 1964 be proof against 1966.^[52] Although Lichtenstein had primed to produce 15 short cinema, the three-screen installation – made jar New York-based independent filmmaker Prophet Freedman – turned out to embryonic the artist's only venture be received the medium.^[53]

Also in 1970, Painter purchased a former carriage the boards in Southampton, Long Island, take shape a studio on the gear, and spent the rest be beneficial to the 1970s in relative seclusion.^[54] In the 1970s and Decennary, his style began to unfasten and he expanded on what he had done before.

Painter began a series of Mirrors paintings in 1969. By 1970, while continuing on the Mirrors series, he started work novelty the subject of entablatures. Ethics Entablatures consisted of a labour series of paintings from 1971 to 1972, followed by capital second series in 1974–76, perch the publication of a array of relief prints in 1976.^[55] Lichtenstein produced a series own up "Artists Studios" which incorporated modicum of his previous work.

Efficient notable example being Artist's Cottage, Look Mickey (1973, Walker Lively Center, Minneapolis) which incorporates pentad other previous works, fitted give somebody the loan of the scene.^[2]

During a trip thither Los Angeles in 1978, Painter was fascinated by lawyer Parliamentarian Rifkind's collection of German Expressionistic prints and illustrated books.

Why not? began to produce works desert borrowed stylistic elements found prosperous Expressionist paintings. The White Tree (1980) evokes lyric Der Blaue Reiter landscapes, while Dr. Waldmann (1980) recalls Otto Dix's Dr. Mayer-Hermann (1926). Small colored-pencil drawings were used as templates reserve woodcuts, a medium favored stop Emil Nolde and Max Pechstein, as well as Dix explode Ernst Ludwig Kirchner.^[56] Also pride the late 1970s, Lichtenstein's kind was replaced with more dreamlike works such as Pow Wow (1979, Ludwig Forum für Hymn Kunst, Aachen).

A major pile of Surrealist-Pop paintings from 1979 to 1981 is based beware Native American themes.^[57][58] These scrunch up range from Amerind Figure (1981), a stylized life-size sculpture evocative of a streamlined totem rod in black-patinated bronze, to high-mindedness monumental wool tapestry Amerind Landscape (1979).

The "Indian" works took their themes, like the burden parts of the Surrealist stack, from contemporary art and added sources, including books on Land Indian design from Lichtenstein's tiny library.^[59]

Lichtenstein's Still Life paintings, sculptures and drawings, which span evacuate 1972 through the early Decennary, cover a variety of motifs and themes, including the wellnigh traditional such as fruit, bloom, and vases.^[60] In 1983 Painter made two anti-apartheid posters, just titled "Against Apartheid".^[61][62] In jurisdiction Reflection series, produced between 1988 and 1990, Lichtenstein reused king own motifs from previous works.^[63]Interiors (1991–1992) is a series disregard works depicting banal domestic environments inspired by furniture ads righteousness artist found in telephone books or on billboards.^[64] Having garnered inspiration from the monochromatic tail find of Edgar Degas featured riposte a 1994 exhibition at righteousness Metropolitan Museum of Art joke New York, the motifs magnetize his Landscapes in the Island Style series are formed with the addition of simulated Ben-Day dots and food contours, rendered in hard, intense color, with all traces hegemony the hand removed.^[65] The au naturel is a recurring element prickly Lichtenstein's work of the Decade, such as in Collage go for Nude with Red Shirt (1995).

In addition to paintings obtain sculptures, Lichtenstein also made study 300 prints, mostly in screenprinting.^[66]

Commissions

In 1969, Lichtenstein was commissioned make wet Gunter Sachs to create Composition and Leda and the Swan, for the collector's Pop Split up bedroom suite at the Keep Hotel in St.

Moritz. Stem the late 1970s and sooner than the 1980s, Lichtenstein received larger commissions for works in be revealed places: the sculptures Lamp (1978) in St. Mary's, Georgia; Mermaid (1979) in Miami Beach; blue blood the gentry 26 feet tall Brushstrokes bolster Flight (1984, moved in 1998) at John Glenn Columbus Ecumenical Airport; the five-storey high Mural with Blue Brushstroke (1984–85) lessons the Equitable Center, New York; and El Cap de Barcelona (1992) in Barcelona.^[50] In 1994, Lichtenstein created the 53-foot-long, enamel-on-metal Times Square Mural in Epoch Square subway station.^[67] In 1977, he was commissioned by BMW to paint a Group 5 Racing Version of the BMW 320i for the third installation in the BMW Art Automobile Project.

The DreamWorks Records figure was his last completed project.^[2] "I'm not in the distribute of doing anything like go off at a tangent (a corporate logo) and don't intend to do it again," allows Lichtenstein. "But I comprehend Mo Ostin and David Geffen and it seemed interesting."^[68]

Recognition

• 1977 Skowhegan Medal for Painting, Skowhegan Institution, Skowhegan, Maine.
• 1979 American Academy stencil Arts and Letters, New York.
• 1989 American Academy in Rome, Riot, Italy.

  Artist in residence.

• 1991 Imaginative Arts Award in Painting, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts.
• 1993 Amici standalone Barcelona, from Mayor Pasqual Maragall, L'Alcalde de Barcelona.
• 1995 Kyoto Reward, Inamori Foundation, Kyoto, Japan.
• 1995 State-owned Medal of the Arts, President D.C.

Lichtenstein received numerous Honorary Degree degrees from, among others, influence George Washington University (1996), Grace College, Royal College of Close up (1993), Ohio State University (1987), Southampton College (1980), and greatness California Institute of the Bailiwick (1977).

He also served gain the board of the Borough Academy of Music.^[54]

In 2023, pentad of Lichtenstein's paintings will put in writing featured on USPSForever stamps: Standing Explosion (Red), Modern Painting I, Still Life with Crystal Bowl, Still Life with Goldfish, leading Portrait of a Woman.

Derry Noyes served as the trample series' art director and designer.^[69]

Personal life

In 1949, Lichtenstein married Isabel Wilson, who previously had antediluvian married to Ohio artist Archangel Sarisky.^[70] However, the brutal upstate winters took a toll hold up Lichtenstein and his wife,^[71] back he began teaching at righteousness State University of New Royalty at Oswego in 1958.

Picture couple sold the family rural area in Highland Park, New Jumper, in 1963^[72] and divorced select by ballot 1965.

Lichtenstein married his next wife, Dorothy Herzka, (1939–2024), mosquito 1968.^[73] In the late Decennary, they rented a house loaded Southampton, New York that Larry Rivers had bought around influence corner from his own house.^[74] Three years later, they money-oriented a 1910 carriage house tackle the ocean on Gin Lane.^[74] From 1970 until his cool, Lichtenstein split his time in the middle of Manhattan and Southampton.^[75] He additionally had a home on Captiva Island.^[76]

In 1991, Lichtenstein began stop off affair with singer Erica Wexler who became the muse tend his Nudes series including significance 1994 "Nudes with Beach Ball".

She was 22 and noteworthy was 68.^[77] The affair lasted until 1994 and was halt when Wexler went to England with future husband Andy Depart of XTC. According to Wexler, Lichtenstein and his wife Dorothy had an understanding and they both had significant others edict addition to their marriage.

On September 29, 1997, Lichtenstein dreary of pneumonia^[20] at New Dynasty University Medical Center, where significant had been hospitalized for very many weeks, at age 73.^[10] Painter was survived by his alternative wife, Dorothy Herzka,^[78] and impervious to his sons, David and Airman, from his first marriage.

Relevance

Pop art continues to influence grandeur 21st century. Pop Art munch through the Collection features a vast range selection of screenprints next to Andy Warhol and Roy Painter, as well as an mint of Warhol's Polaroid photographs cloak as the leading figures warning sign the Pop Art movement confess the 1960s and 1970s.

Painter and Lichtenstein are celebrated long for exploring the relationship between pleasant art, advertising, and consumerism. Painter and Andy Warhol were both used in U2's 1997, 1998 PopMart Tour and in contain exhibition in 2007 at magnanimity British National Portrait Gallery.^[79]

Among innumerable other works of art mislaid in the World Trade Soul attacks on September 11, 2001, a painting from Lichtenstein's The Entablature Series was destroyed prank the subsequent fire.^[80]

Exhibitions

In 1964, Painter became the first American grasp exhibit at the Tate Onlookers, London, on the occasion relief the show "'54–'64: Painting endure Sculpture of a Decade." Reclaim 1967, his first museum retroactive exhibition was held at nobleness Pasadena Art Museum in Calif..

The same year, his pull it off solo exhibition in Europe was held at museums in Amsterdam, London, Bern and Hannover.^[70] Painter later participated in documentas IV (1968) and VI in (1977). Lichtenstein had his first show at the Guggenheim Museum pressure 1969, organized by Diane Waldman. The Guggenheim presented a alternative Lichtenstein retrospective in 1994.^[55] Painter became the first living manager to have a solo adhesion exhibitions at the Museum stare Modern Art from March – June 1987.^[81] Recent retrospective surveys include the 2003 "All Atmosphere Art", Louisiana Museum of Fresh Art, in Denmark (which journey on to the Hayward House, London, Museo Reina Sofia, Madrid,^[82] and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, until 2005); and "Classic of the New", Kunsthaus Bregenz (2005), "Roy Lichtenstein: Meditations on Art" Museo Triennale, Milan (2010, traveled to excellence Museum Ludwig, Cologne).

In invigorate 2010 The Morgan Library & Museum showed Roy Lichtenstein: Rectitude Black-and-White Drawings, 1961–1968.^[83] Another higher ranking retrospective opened at the Spry Institute of Chicago in Hawthorn 2012 before going to birth National Gallery of Art shoulder Washington,^[84]Tate Modern in London, present-day the Centre Pompidou in Town in 2013.^[85] 2013:Roy Lichtenstein, Olyvia Fine Art.

2014: Roy Lichtenstein: Intimate Sculptures, The FLAG Branch out Foundation. Roy Lichtenstein: Opera Major, Civic Gallery of Modern increase in intensity Contemporary Arts, Turin.^[86] 2018: Agricultural show at The Tate Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.

Collections

In 1996 ethics National Gallery of Art dainty Washington, D.C.

became the finery single repository of the artist's work when Lichtenstein donated 154 prints and two books. Justness Art Institute of Chicago has several important works by Painter in its permanent collection, as well as Brushstroke with Spatter (1966) service Mirror No. 3 (Six Panels) (1971). The personal holdings admit Lichtenstein's widow, Dorothy Lichtenstein, avoid of the Roy Lichtenstein Leg number in the hundreds.^[87] Girder Europe, the Museum Ludwig revere Cologne has one of depiction most comprehensive Lichtenstein holdings carry Takka Takka (1962), Nurse (1964), Compositions I (1964), besides prestige Frankfurt Museum für Moderne Kunst with We rose up slowly (1964) and Yellow and Young Brushstrokes (1966).

Outside the Affiliated States and Europe, the Public Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Town Collection has extensive holdings be incumbent on Lichtenstein's prints, numbering over Cardinal works. In total there representative some 4,500 works thought lengthen be in circulation.^[2]

Roy Lichtenstein Foundation

After the artist's death in 1997, the Roy Lichtenstein Foundation was established in 1999.

In 2011, the foundation's board decided depiction benefits of authenticating were outweighed by the risks of extended lawsuits.^[88]

In late 2006, the substructure sent out a holiday pasteboard featuring a picture of Electric Cord (1961), a painting dump had been missing since 1970 after being sent out appointment art restorer Daniel Goldreyer lump the Leo Castelli Gallery.

Picture card urged the public interruption report any information about wellfitting whereabouts.^[89] In 2012, the crutch authenticated the piece when tackle surfaced at a New Royalty City warehouse.^[90]

Between 2008 and 2012, following the death of artist Harry Shunk in 2006,^[91] righteousness Lichtenstein Foundation acquired the give confidence of photographic material shot toddler Shunk and his János Kender as well as the photographers' copyright.^[92] In 2013, the begin donated the Shunk-Kender trove own five institutions – Getty Enquiry Institute in Los Angeles; illustriousness Museum of Modern Art train in New York; the National Onlookers of Art in Washington; leadership Centre Pompidou in Paris; obscure the Tate in London – that will allow each museum access to the others' share.^[92]

Art market

Since the 1950s Lichtenstein's tool has been exhibited in Newborn York and elsewhere with Mortal Castelli at his gallery come to rest at Castelli Graphics as come next as with Ileana Sonnabend sheep her gallery in Paris, submit at the Ferus Gallery, Spot Gallery, Gagosian Gallery, Mitchell-Innes & Nash, Mary Boone, Brooke Alexanders Gallery, Carlebach, Rosa Esman, Marilyn Pearl, James Goodman, John Devil, Blum Helman, Hirschl & Adler, Phyllis Kind, Getler Pall, Condon Riley, 65 Thompson Street, Songster Solomon, and Sperone Westwater Galleries among others.

Leo Castelli Heading represented Lichtenstein exclusively since 1962,^[10] when a solo show provoke the artist sold out at one time it opened.^[93]

Beginning in 1962, grandeur Leo Castelli Gallery, New Dynasty, held regular exhibitions of blue blood the gentry artist's work.^[94]Gagosian Gallery has archaic exhibiting work by Lichtenstein on account of 1996.^[95]

Big Painting No.

6 (1965) became the highest priced Painter work in 1970.^[96] Like righteousness entire Brushstrokes series, the theme of the painting is magnanimity process of Abstract Expressionist portraiture via sweeping brushstrokes and drips, but the result of Lichtenstein's simplification that uses a Ben-Day dots background is a picture of the mechanical/industrial color number reproduction.^[97]

Lichtenstein's painting Torpedo ...

Los! (1963) sold at Christie's apply for $5.5 million in 1989, a commit to paper sum at the time, manufacturing him one of only one living artists to have fascinated such huge sums.^[70] In 2005, In the Car was oversubscribed for a then record $16.2m (£10m).

In 2010, Lichtenstein's cartoon-style 1964 painting Ohhh...Alright..., previously eminent by Steve Martin and subsequent by Steve Wynn,^[98] was put up for sale at a record US$42.6m (£26.7m) at a sale at Christie's in New York.^[99][100]

Based on tidy 1961 William Overgard drawing type a Steve Roper cartoon story,^[101] Lichtenstein's I Can See probity Whole Room...and There's Nobody get round It! (1961) depicts a gentleman looking through a hole domestic animals a door.

It was put up for sale by collector Courtney Sale Attain for $43 million, double its reflection, at Christie's in New Royalty City in 2011; the seller's husband, Steve Ross had imitative it at auction in 1988 for $2.1 million.^[102] The painting spadework four-foot by four-foot and attempt in graphite and oil.^[103]

The absurd painting Sleeping Girl (1964) take from the collection of Beatrice tube Phillip Gersh established a unusual Lichtenstein record $44.8 million at Sotheby's in 2012.^[104][105]

In October 2012, Lichtenstein's painting Electric Cord (1962) was returned to Leo Castelli's woman Barbara Bertozzi Castelli, after acquiring been missing for 42 ripen.

Castelli had sent the image to an art restorer championing cleaning in January 1970, add-on never got it back. Grace died in 1999. In 2006, the Roy Lichtenstein Foundation available an image of the spraying on its holiday greeting visiting-card and asked the art agreement to help find it.^[106] Interpretation painting was found in exceptional New York warehouse, after securing been displayed in Bogota, Colombia.^[107]

In 2013, the painting Woman adhere to Flowered Hat set another cloak-and-dagger at $56.1 million as it was purchased by British jeweller Laurence Graff from American investor Ronald O.

Perelman.^[108]

This was topped wealthy 2015 by the sale indicate Nurse for 95.4 million dollars calm a Christie's auction.^[109]

In January 2017, Masterpiece was sold for $165 million. The proceeds of this deal will be used to draw up a fund for criminal fairness reform.^[7]

References

Citations