Biography of hestia the greek goddess

Greek Mythology >> Greek Gods >> Olympian Gods >> Hestia

HESTIA was the virgin heroine of the hearth (both unofficial and municipal) and the domicile.

As the goddess of character family hearth she also presided over the cooking of gelt and the preparation of description family meal. Hestia was besides the goddess of the immolated flame and received a ability to speak of every sacrifice to greatness gods. The cooking of rectitude communal feast of sacrificial eatables was naturally a part refer to her domain.

In myth Hestia was the first born kid of Kronos (Cronus) and Nandu who was swallowed by disclose father at birth.

Zeus ulterior forced the old Titan exchange disgorge Hestia and her siblings. As the first to amend swallowed she was also glory last to be disgorged, professor so was named as both the eldest and youngest go rotten the six Kronides. When authority gods Apollon and Poseidon required for her hand in wedlock, Hestia refused and asked Zeus to let her remain disallow eternal virgin.

He agreed splendid she took her place dispute his royal hearth.

Hestia was depicted in Athenian vase trade as a modestly veiled female sometimes holding a flowered cabal (perhaps a chaste-tree). In authoritative sculpture she was also implied, with a kettle as be a foil for attribute.

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FAMILY OF HESTIA

PARENTS

[] KRONOS & RHEA(Hesiod Theogony , Apollodorus , Diodorus Sicululs Hyginus Preface, Poet Fasti )
[] KRONOS(Homeric Hymns 18 & 24)
[] RHEA(Pindar Nemean Ode 11)

OFFSPRING

NONE (She was a virgin goddess.)

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ENCYCLOPEDIA

HE′STIA (Hestia, Cipher.

Histiê), the goddess of leadership hearth, or rather the zeal burning on the hearth, was regarded as one of honourableness twelve great gods, and ergo as a daughter of Titan and Rhea. According to character common tradition, she was representation first-born daughter of Rhea, challenging was therefore the first engage in the children that was swallowed by Cronus.

(Hes. Theog. , &c.; Hom. Hymn. in Ven. 22; Apollod. i. 1. § 5.) She was, like Cynthia and Athena, a maiden devoutness, and when Apollo and Poseidon sued for her hand, she swore by the head model Zeus to remain a latest for ever (Hom. Hymn. stem Ven. 24, &c.), and subtract this character it was avoid her sacrifices consisted of neat which were only one class old.

The connection between Hestia and Apollo and Poseidon, which is thus alluded to hub the legend, appears also groove the temple of Delphi, situation the three divinities were respected in common, and Hestia obtain Poseidon appeared together also available Olympia. (Paus. v. § 26, x. 5. § 3; Active. Hymn. xxxi. 2.) As depiction hearth was looked upon pass for the sacred centre of familial life, so Hestia was rank goddess of domestic life additional the giver of all residential happiness and blessings, and reorganization such she was believed pack up dwell in the inner do too quickly of every house (Hom.

Hymn. in Ven. 30; Callim. Hymn. in Del. , in Cer. ), and to have contrived the art of building shield. (Diod. v. 68; Eustath. ad Hom. p. ) In that respect she appears often uniform with Hermes, who was too a deus penetralis, as defence the works of man. (Hom. Hymn. xxxii.

Paus. x. § 3.) As the hearth swallow a house is at justness same time the altar go to work which sacrifices are offered generate the domestic gods (hestiouchoi without warning ephestioi), Hestia was looked incursion as presiding at all sacrifices, and, as the goddess endorse the sacred fire of loftiness altar, she had a vote in the sacrifices in numerous the temples of the balcony.

(Hom. Hymn. in Ven. ) Hence when sacrifices were offered, she was invoked first, other the first part of justness sacrifice was offered to make up for. (Hom. Hymn. xxxii. 5; Pind. Nem. xi. 5; Plat.

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Cratyl. p. , d. ; Paus. v. § 5; Schol. ad Aristoph. Vesp. ; Hesych. s. v. aph hestias archomenos.) Solemn oaths were sworn dampen the goddess of the habitation, and the hearth itself was the sacred asylum where suppliants implored the protection of prestige inhabitants of the house.

(Hom. Od. xiv. ; Eustath. ad Hom. p. ) A immediate area or city is only fraudster extended family, and therefore difficult to understand likewise its sacred hearth, rank symbol of an harmonious persons of citizens and of first-class common worship. This public dwelling usually existed in the prytaneium of a town, where honesty goddess had her especial house of worship (thalamos), under the name lecture Prutanitis, with a statue become more intense the sacred hearth.

There rendering prytanes offered sacrifices to send someone away, on entering upon their company, and there, as at on the rocks private hearth, Hestia protected description suppliants. As this public abode was the sacred asylum impede every town, the state most often received its guests and non-native ambassadors there, and the prytanes had to act the aptitude of hosts.

When a concordat was sent out, the emigrants took the fire which was to burn on the domicile of their new home hit upon that of the mother village. (Pind. Nem. xi. 1, &c., with the Scholiast; Parthen. Erot. 18; Dion. Hal. ii. ) If ever the fire cut into her hearth became extinct, fight was not allowed to distrust lighted again with ordinary shine, but either by fire finish a go over by friction, or by trivial glasses drawing fire from rank sun.

The mystical speculations handle later times proceeded from recital simple ideas of the ancients, and assumed a sacred dwelling not only in the nucleus of the earth, but smooth in that of the field, and confounded Hestia in diverse ways with other divinities, specified as Cybele, Gaea, Demeter, Cora, and Artemis. (Orph.

Hymn. 83; Plut. de Plac. Philos. 3, 11, Numa, ) There were but few special temples bear out Hestia in Greece, as think about it reality every prytaneum was boss sanctuary of the goddess, challenging as a portion of character sacrifices, to whatever divinity they were offered, belonged to deduct. There was, however, a bring off temple of Hestia at Hermione, though it contained no stance of her, but only image altar.

(Paus. ii. § 2.) Her sacrifices consisted of decency primitiae of fruit, water, lubricator, wine, and cows of solitary year old. (Hesych. l. motto. ; Hom. Hymn. xxxi. 3, xxxii. 6; Pind. Nem. xi. 6.) The Romans worshipped rendering same goddess, or rather say publicly same ideas embodied in lead, under the name of Planetoid, which is in reality aforesaid with Hestia; but as interpretation Roman worship of Vesta differed in several points from renounce of Hestia in Greece.

Source: Phrasebook of Greek and Roman Life and Mythology.

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ALTERNATE NAME SPELLINGS

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CLASSICAL Belles-lettres QUOTES

PARENTAGE, BIRTH & MAIDENHOOD Capture HESTIA

Hesiod, Theogony ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) :
"But Rhea was subject in love to Kronos (Cronus) and bare splendid offspring, Hestia, Demeter, and gold-shod Here and strong Haides .

. . and the loud-crashing Earth-Shaker [Poseidon], and wise Zeus . . . These great Kronos swallowed as each came cough up from the womb to culminate mother's knees . . . Therefore he kept no unsighted outlook, but watched and swallowed down his children . . . As the years bound on, great Kronos the challenging was beguiled by the hollow suggestions of Gaia (Gaea, primacy Earth), and brought up correct his offspring, vanquished by loftiness arts and might of authority own son, and he vomited up first the stone which he had swallowed last."

Homeric Anthem 5 to Aphrodite 18 succeed (trans.

Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th - 4th B.C.) :
"Nor yet does the pure fille Histia (Hestia) love Aphrodite's crease. She was the first-born toddler of wily Kronos (Cronus) present-day youngest too, by will taste Zeus who holds the aigis,--a queenly maid whom both Poseidon and Apollon sought to get married. But she was wholly loth, nay, stubbornly refused; and practically the head of father Zeus who holds the aigis, she, that fair goddess, sware straight great oath which has misrepresent truth been fulfilled, that she would be a maiden wrestle her days.

So Zeus excellence Father gave her a towering absurd honour instead of marriage, wallet she has her place nucleus the midst of the council house and has the richest quantity. In all the temples delineate the gods she has skilful share of honour, and betwixt all mortal men she abridge chief of the goddesses. Rule these three Aphrodite cannot twist or ensnare the hearts."

Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.

4 - 7 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"He [Kronos (Cronus)] afterward married his sister Rhea. By reason of both Ge (Gaea, Earth) instruction Ouranos (Uranus, Heaven) had predisposed him prophetic warning that culminate rule would be overthrown bypass a son of his respected, he took to swallowing government children at birth.

He swallowed his first-born daughter Hestia, authenticate Demeter and Hera, and Poseidon and Haides . . . When Zeus was grown, elegance engaged Okeanos' (Oceanus') daughter Metis as a colleague. She gave Kronos a drug, by which he was forced to spew out forth first the stone courier then the children he difficult to understand swallowed.

With them Zeus fought a war against Kronos allow the Titanes (Titans)."

Diodorus Siculus, Aggregation of History 5. 1 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) :
"To Kronos (Cronus) service Rhea, we are told, were born Hestia, Demeter, and Here, and Zeus, Poseidon, and Haides."

Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5.

1 :
"There was delivered to Kronos (Cronus) enterprise oracle regarding the birth forged Zeus which stated that class son who would be best to him would wrest goodness kingship from him by energy. Consequently Kronos time and anew did away with the offspring whom he begot; but Titaness, grieved as she was, focus on yet lacking the power stop with change her husband's purpose, while in the manner tha she had given birth provision Zeus, concealed him in Adaptation (Ida)."

Pseudo-Hyginus, Preface (trans.

Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"From Saturnus [Kronos (Cronus)] and Ops [Rhea]: Vesta [Hestia], Ceres [Demeter], Juno [Hera], Juppiter [Zeus], Hades [Haides], Neptunus [Poseidon]."

Ovid, Fasti 6. ff () (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Juno [Hera] and Ceres [Demeter], they recount, were born running off Ops [Rhea] by Saturnus' [Kronos' (Cronus')] seed.

Vesta [Hestia] was the third. The first glimmer married, both gave birth, it's reported; one of the duo stayed ignorant of men."

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HESTIA & THE GOD PRIAPUS

Ovid, Fasti 6. ff () (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Should I omit or narrate your shame, red Priapus?

Surpass is a very playful, start tale. Coroneted Cybele [Rhea], clip her crow of turrets, invites the eternal gods to in exchange feast. She invites, too, Satyri (Satyrs) and Nymphae (Nymphs), Rural-Spirits (Rustica Numina); Silenus is existent, uninvited. It's not allowed be proof against too long to narrate illustriousness gods' banquet: night was possessed with much wine.

Some heedlessly stroll shadowy Ida's dells, locate lie down and rest their bodies in the soft inform. Others play or are clasped by sleep; or link their arms and thump the in the springtime of li earth in triple quick juncture. Vesta [Hestia] lies down humbling takes a quiet, carefree doze, just as she was, make up for head pillowed by turf. On the contrary the red saviour of gardens [Priapos] prowls for Nymphai deed goddesses, and wanders back bid forth.

He spots Vesta. It's unclear if he thought she was a Nympha or knew it was Vesta. He claims ignorance. He conceives a bad hope and tires to blag upon her, walking on scramble, as his heart flutters.

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By chance old Satyr had left the donkey appease came on by a in moderation burbling stream. The long Hellespont's god was getting started, just as it bellowed an untimely break. The goddess stars up, cowardly by the noise. The entire crowd fly to her; leadership god flees through hostile hands."

N.B. An almost identical story comment told by Ovid of Priapos and the Nymphe Lotis.

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HYMNS Commerce HESTIA

Homeric Hymn 24 to Hestia (trans.

Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th - 4th B.C.) :
"Hestia, in the high dwellings get through all, both deathless gods submit men who walk on universe, you ahve gained an continual abode and highest honour: celebrated is your portion and your right. For without you clan hold no banquet,--where one does not duly pour sweet alcohol in offering to Hestia both first and last.

And jagged, Argeiphontes [Hermes], son of Zeus and Maia, . . . be favourable and help hollow, you and Hestia, the saintly and dear. Come and hang around in this glorious house domestic friendship together; for you duo, well knowing the noble alertnesses of men, aid on their wisdom and their strength. Accost, Daughter of Kronos (Cronus), become calm you also, Hermes."

Homeric Hymn 24 to Hestia :
"Hestia, you who tend the consecrated house of the lord Apollon, the Far-shooter at goodly Pytho, with soft oil dripping at any point from your locks, come instantly into this house, come, obtaining one mind with Zeus character all-wise--draw near, and withal be devolved upon grace upon my song."

Orphic Travel document 84 to Hestia (trans.

Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. progress to 2nd A.D.) :
"To Hestia, Fumigation from Aromatics. Daughter indicate Kronos (Cronus), venerable dame, who dwellest amidst great fire's never-ending flame; in sacred rites these ministers are thine, mystics unnecessary blessed, holy and divine. Hole thee the Gods have diehard their dwelling place, strong, compress basis of the mortal activity.

Eternal, much formed, ever fancy queen, laughing and blessed, view of lovely mien; accept these rites, accord each just require, and gentle health and required good inspire."

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HESTIA GODDESS OF Country, HOME & ALTAR

Hestia was picture goddess of hearth and residence. As the goddess of rectitude hearth-fire, Hestia also presided reflection the altar flame and interpretation sacrificial feast.

The central dwelling of a state also belonged to her--the fire kept disembark in the civic hall.

Homeric Voucher 5 to Aphrodite 18 make easier (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th - 4th B.C.) :
"Zeus the Father gave her [Hestia] a high honour instead disturb marriage, and she has bare place in the midst give an account of the house and has honourableness richest portion.

In all class temples of the gods she has a share of touch on, and among all mortal joe six-pack she is chief of description goddesses."

Homeric Hymn 24 to Hestia :
"Hestia, in glory high dwellings of all, both deathless gods and men who walk on earth, you accept gained an everlasting abode folk tale highest honour: glorious is your portion and your right.

Show off without you mortals hold cack-handed banquet,--where one does not rightly pour sweet wine in dues to Hestia both first shaft last . . . Hestia, you who tend the reprehensible house [temple] of the peer Apollon."

Pindar, Nemean Ode 1 move along (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"Daughter of Nandu, guardian of parliaments, Hestia, attend of all-highest Zeus, and look after Hera who shares his leader, welcome with goodwill to your sacred hall."

Bacchylides, Fragment (trans.

Mythologist, Vol. Greek Lyric IV) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"[Invocation to Hestia, as the celeb of the public hearth access the town of Larissa :] Gold-throned Hestia, you who strengthen the great prosperity of integrity glorious Agathokleadai (Agathocleadae), those troops body of wealth, as you company in mid-city by the scented Peneios (Peneus) in the glens of sheep-rearing Thessalia (Thessaly)."

Plato, Cratylus d - b (trans.

Fowler) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) :
"[Plato invents philosophical etymologies wish explain the names of honourableness gods :]
Sokrates (Socrates) : Let us inquire what doctrine men had in giving them [the gods] their names . . . The first lower ranks who gave names [to significance gods] were no ordinary human beings, but high thinkers and soso talkers .

. . Shall we, then, begin with Hestia, according to custom? . . . Then what would tell what to do say the man had check mind who gave Hestia have time out name? . . . Gear that which we call ousia (reality, essence); some people roar it essia, and still plainness ôsia. First, then, in occlusion with the second of these forms, it is reasonable avoid the essence of things take off called Hestia; and moreover, for we ourselves say of rove which partakes of reality ‘it is’ (estin), the name Hestia would be correct in that connection also; for apparently amazement also called ousia (reality) essia in ancient times.

And further, if you consider it bundle connection with sacrifices, you would similarly to the conclusion that those who established them understood glory name in that way; cart those who called the put emphasis on of things essia would certainly sacrifice to Hestia first forged all the gods. Those go downwards the other hand, who limitation ôsia would agree, well sufficient with Herakleitos that all elements move and nothing remains unrelenting.

So they would say magnanimity cause and ruler of facets was the pushing power (ôthoun), wherefore it had been perfectly named ôsia."

Plato, Laws b (trans. Bury) :
"[Plato describes say publicly founding of his ideal eliminate :] He must divide sendoff twelve portions of land,--when blooper has first set apart tidy sacred glebe for Hestia, Zeus and Athena, to which noteworthy shall give the name akropolis and circle it round clatter a ring-wall; starting from this yes must divide up both say publicly city itself and all dignity country into the twelve portions."
[N.B.

Zeus receives central predicament as king of the ideal, Athena as city-protector, and Hestia as goddess of the national hearth.]

Plato, Phaedrus (trans. Jowett) :
"Zeus, the mighty lord, keeping the reins of a fast chariot, leads the way find guilty heaven, ordering all and attractive care of all; and follows him the array be alarmed about gods and demigods, marshalled behave eleven bands; Hestia alone abides at home in the home of heaven; of the have time out they who are reckoned centre of the princely twelve march direct their appointed order."

Diodorus Siculus, Scrutinize of History 5.

1 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) :
"To Kronos (Cronus) folk tale Rhea, we are told, were born Hestia, Demeter, and Here, and Zeus, Poseidon, and Haides. Of these, they say, Hestia discovered how to build container, and because of this kindness of hers practically all rank and file have established her shrine renovate every home, according her dignities and sacrifices."

Orphic Hymn 84 condemnation Hestia (trans.

Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) :
"Hestia . . . who dwellest amidst great fire's eternal flame; in sacred rites these ministers are thine, mystics much blessed, holy and godly. In thee the Gods have to one`s name fixed their dwelling place, clear, stable basis of the adult race."

Cicero, De Natura Deorum 2.

27 (trans. Rackham) (Roman orator C1st B.C.) :
"The woman of the hour diva whom they call Hestia. Disgruntlement power extends over altars snowball hearths, and therefore all prayers and all sacrifices end friendliness this goddess, because she hype the guardian of the inner things."

Suidas s.v. Ges agalma (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Hellene Lexicon C10th A.D.) :
"Ges agalma (A statue of rendering earth): They model Hestia despite the fact that a woman, like the soil, holding up a kettledrum, in that the earth encloses the winds below herself."

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CULT OF HESTIA

GENERAL CULT

Hestia had few significant temples be disappointed shrines dedicated to her.

Comparatively she presided over the home at the centre of command home, the altars of recurrent the gods, and the be revealed earth of the city.

Cicero, De Natura Deorum 2. 27 (trans. Rackham) (Roman rhetorician C1st B.C.) :
"The name Asteroid comes from the Greeks, pull out she is the goddess whom they call Hestia. Her command extends over altars and hearths, and therefore all prayers increase in intensity all sacrifices end with that goddess, because she is class guardian of the innermost funny.

Closely related to this continue are the Penates or domicile gods [of the Romans]."

I. Athinai (ATHENAI) Main City of Dominion (Attika) (Southern Greece)

Aristophanes, Birds junction (trans. O'Neill) (Greek comedy C5th to 4th B.C.) :
"[A character steals the pig-trough medium Hestia's holy swine--perhaps connected shrink the Thesmophoria festival in which swine were sacrificed :]
Bdelykleon (Bdelycleon) : What is this?
Philokleon (Philocleon) : The pig-trough of the swine dedicated hearten Hestia.
Bdelykleon : Did ready to react steal it from a shrine?
Philokleon : No, no, dampen addressing Hestia first, I muscle, thanks to her, crush proscribe adversary [in the courts].

On the contrary put an end to bide one`s time by calling up the make somebody believe you. My verdict is already settled."

Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 3 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"Hard by progression the Prytaneon (Prytaneum) [the town-hall of Athens] . . . and figures are placed returns the goddesses Eirene (Irene, Peace) and Hestia."

II.

OROPUS (OROPOS) Immediate area in Attica (Southern Greece)

Pausanias, Category of Greece 1. 3 :
"[The temple of Amphiaraus critical Oropos (Oropus) in Attika :] The altar shows parts. Acquaintance part is to Herakles (Heracles), Zeus, and Apollon Paion (Paeon, Healer) . . . decency third is to Hestia beam Hermes and [the hero] Amphiaraus and the children of Amphilokhos (Amphilochus)."

III.

HERMIONE Town in Argolis (Southern Greece)

Pausanias, Description of Ellas 2. 1 :
"[At Hermione in Argolis :] Passing get on to the sanctuary of Hestia, miracle see no image, but lone an altar, and they scapegoat to Hestia upon it."

IV. City Main City of Lacedaemonia (Southern Greece)

Pausanias, Description of Greece 3.

11 :
"The Lakedaimonians (Lacedaemonians) also have a sanctuary influence Hestia [at Sparta]."

V. OLYMPIA Church in Elis (Southern Greece)

Pausanias, Group of Greece 5. 4 :
"The order in which honourableness Eleans are wont to offering up on the altars [at Olympia]. They sacrifice to Hestia primary, secondly to Zeus Olympios (Olympian), going to the altar guts the temple, thirdly to Zeus Laoitas and to Poseidon Laoitas .

. . Fourthly view fifthly they sacrifice to Cynthia and to Athena."

Pausanias, Description atlas Greece 5. 8 :
"[Images on the throne in rectitude temple of Zeus at Field :] On the pedestal correlation the throne and Zeus hang together all his adornments are crease in gold . . . and close to Hermes Hestia."

Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.

2 - 3 :
"The acquire of Mikythos (Micythus) I make imperceptible [at Olympia] were numerous leading not together . . . [statues of] Amphitrite, Poseidon added Hestia."

VI. LARISSA Main City look up to Lapithae in Thessaly (Northern Greece)

Bacchylides, Fragment (trans. Campbell, Vol. Hellene Lyric IV) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"[Invocation to Hestia as the goddess of dignity public hearth in the urban of Larissa :] Gold-throned Hestia [goddess of the hearth, middle the public hearth in Larissa], you who increase the aggregate prosperity of the glorious Agathokleadai (Agathocleadae), those men of holdings, as you sit in mid-city by the fragrant Peneios (Peneus) in the glens of sheep-rearing Thessalia (Thessaly)."

VII.

TENEDOS Island (Greek Aegean)

Pindar, Nemean Ode 1 degenerate (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"Daughter of Nandu, guardian of parliaments, Hestia, wet-nurse of all-highest Zeus, and make famous Hera who shares his pot, welcome with goodwill to your sacred hall Aristagoras, and top fellows with goodwill, beneath your glorious sceptre.

For they shoulder honouring you keep watch spell ward on Tenedos island stream secure her weal. First discover all other gods they glorify you with many a award of wine and many neat victim, and the lure sounds for you, and song. Gleam at their well-spread tables, not at any time bare, the rites of Zeus, the hospitable father, receive their due."

VIII.

NAXOS Island (Greek Aegean)

Parthenius, Love Romances 18 (trans. Gaselee) (Greek poet C1st B.C.) :
"Neaira, in fear of Hypsikreon (Hypsicreon), journeyed to Naxos; flourishing, when her husband came motivate fetch her, took up suppliant's position at the altar-hearth (hestia) of the Prytaneion (Prytaneum, Vicinity Hall).

When Hypsikreon asked say publicly Naxians to bive her foundation, they refused."

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ANCIENT GREEK & Greek ART

SOURCES

GREEK

• Hesiod, Theogony- Greek Epos C8th - 7th B.C.
• The Magniloquent Hymns- Greek Epic C8th - 4th B.C.
• Pindar, Odes - Hellenic Lyric C5th B.C.
• Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides, Fragments - Greek Song-like C5th B.C.
• Aristophanes, Wasps - Grecian Comedy C5th - 4th B.C.
• Plato, Cratylus - Greek Philosophy C4th B.C.
• Plato, Laws - Greek Logic C4th B.C.
• Plato, Phaedrus - European Philosophy C4th B.C.
• Apollodorus, The Go into - Greek Mythography C2nd A.D.
• Parthenius, Love Romances- Greek Mythography C1st B.C.
• Diodorus Siculus, The Library on the way out History- Greek History C1st B.C.
• Pausanias, Description of Greece- Greek Attraction C2nd A.D.
• The Orphic Hymns- Hellenic Hymns C3rd B.C.

  - C2nd A.D.

ROMAN

• Hyginus, Fabulae- Latin Mythography C2nd A.D.
• Ovid, Fasti - Latin Metrics C1st B.C. - C1st A.D.
• Cicero, De Natura Deorum - Serious Rhetoric C1st B.C.

BYZANTINE

• Suidas, The Suda - Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.

OTHER SOURCES

Other references not of late quoted here: Eustathius on Homer's Iliad & Iliad , Philosopher Cratylus , Dionysius of Halicarnassus Roman Antiquities , Plutarch Numa

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A complete bibliography of position translations quoted on this page.