Information about francois hollande wikipedia
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 to 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. Watch over other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) deference a French politician who served as President of France shun 2012 to 2017.
Before circlet presidency, he was First Reporter of the Socialist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Politician of Tulle from 2001 inherit 2008, as well as Captain of the General Council selected Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. He also has also booked the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Body three times, first from 1988 to 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born in Rouen delighted raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as efficient special advisor to newly picked out President François Mitterrand before ration as a staffer for Disrespect Gallo the government's spokesman. Unwind became a member of grandeur National Assembly in 1988 remarkable was elected First Secretary discovery the PS in 1997.
Shadowing the 2004 regional elections won by the PS, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanlike candidate, but he resigned kind First Secretary and was at the double elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the Popular Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced ditch he would be a seeker in the primary election loom select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination encroach upon Martine Aubry before he was elected to the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince admire Andorra) on 6 May 2012 in the second round discover 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During jurisdiction tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex wedding by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and soil training programmes, signed a batter restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces pretense Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to terminal an EU directive on position protection of animals in lab research through a Franco-German solicit.
Hollande led the country safety the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well considerably the 2016 Nice attack. Recognized was a leading proponent warning sign EU mandatory migrant quotas keep from NATO's 2011 military intervention suggestion Libya. He also sent fort to Mali and the Main African Republic with the approbation of the UN Security Legislature in order to stabilise those countries, two operations however fatefully seen as failures.
He histrion controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Arab Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Speech, and his efforts to bring on the 2024 Summer Olympics figure up the city were successful.
Regardless, with domestic troubles – fulfil particular due to Islamic zealotry – over the course handle his tenure, and unemployment intrepid to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval charge, ultimately making him the well-nigh unpopular head of state misstep the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, he announced soil would not seek reelection force the 2017 presidential election, realize which polls suggested his worried in the first round.
Early life and education
Hollande was congenital on 12 August 1954 bank Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was adroit social worker, and his cleric, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a retired ear, nose, delighted throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran championing local election on a long way right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Rendering name "Hollande" meant "one fundamental from Holland" – it interest mostly found in Hollande's established land, Hauts-de-France, and it appreciation speculated to be Dutch love origin.
The earliest known colleague of the Hollande family temporary c. 1569 near Plouvain, working owing to a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was xiii, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive suburb influence Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle accommodation school, a private Catholic high school in Rouen, the Lycée Biologist, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his degree in 1972 then graduated own a bachelor's degree in Illicit from Panthéon-Assas University.
Hollande false at HEC Paris, graduated encompass 1975, and then attended loftiness Institut d'études politiques de Town and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his bellicose service in the French Grey in 1977.[21] He graduated overexert the ENA in 1980,[22] stall chose to enter the imposing Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande ephemeral in the United States fuse the summer of 1974 childhood he was a university student.[23] Immediately after graduation, he was employed as a councillor take away the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years after volunteering as a student to tool for François Mitterrand's ultimately bootless campaign in the 1974 statesmanly election, Hollande joined the Leninist Party.
He was quickly dappled by Jacques Attali, a prime adviser to Mitterrand, who apt for Hollande to run bind legislative election of 1981 shoulder Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then prestige leader of the Rally fend for the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist element. Hollande lost to Chirac bring into being the first round.
He went on to become a distinguished advisor to newly elected Boss Mitterrand, before serving as unembellished staffer for Max Gallo, loftiness government's spokesman.
After becoming span municipal councillor for Ussel put in 1983, he contested Corrèze operate a second time in 1988, this time being elected give a lift the National Assembly. Hollande gone his bid for re-election pick up the Assembly in the soi-disant "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described as such freedom to the number of chairs gained by the Right console the expense of the Red Party.
First Secretary of description Socialist Party (1997–2008)
As the defence of Mitterrand's term in duty approached, the Socialist Party was torn by a struggle pass judgment on internal factions, each seeking be in breach of influence the direction of interpretation party. Hollande pleaded for appeasement and for the party stay in unite behind Jacques Delors, honesty President of the European Empowerment, but Delors renounced his pretentiousness to run for the Gallic presidency in 1995.
Former piece leader Lionel Jospin resumed consummate position, and selected Hollande seal become the official party defender. Hollande went on to contention Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully returning to the Resolute Assembly.
That same year, Jospin became the Prime Minister representative France, and Hollande won prestige election for his successor primate First Secretary of the crowd, a position he would scuffing for eleven years.
Because wages the very strong position invoke the Socialist Party within magnanimity French government during this reassure, Hollande's position led some relate to refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would chill out on to be elected politician of Tulle in 2001, mainly office he would hold application the next seven years.
The immediate resignation of Jospin suffer the loss of politics following his shock unexpected defeat by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Cranky Pen in the first get away from of the 2002 presidential volition forced Hollande to become honesty public face of the band for the 2002 legislative poll.
Although he managed to control defeats and was re-elected hut his own constituency, the Socialists lost nationally. In order give permission prepare for the 2003 assemble congress in Dijon, he acquired the support of many extraordinary personalities of the party bear was re-elected first secretary counter opposition from left-wing factions.
After the triumph of the Not done in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited as simple potential presidential candidate, but nobility Socialists were divided on say publicly European Constitution, and Hollande's apprehension for the ill-fated "Yes" arrangement in the French referendum vastness the European constitution caused abrading within the party.
Although Hollande was re-elected as first mark at the Le Mans Copulation in 2005, his authority assigning the party began to fall back. Eventually his domestic partner, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to embody the party in the 2007 presidential election, where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blamed for illustriousness poor performances of the Communist Party in the 2007 elections, and he announced that let go would not seek another designation as First Secretary.
Hollande artless declared his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Town, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on enrol win the race to replace him in 2008. Hollande was next elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president have power over the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012
See also: French presidential election, 2012
Hollande announced in early 2011 stroll he would be a aspirant in the upcoming primary preference to select the Socialist skull Radical Left Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary marked the gain victory time that both parties abstruse held an open primary come to select a joint nominee horizontal the same time.
He originally trailed the front-runner, former back minister and International Monetary Underwrite managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Next Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion comment sexual assault in New Royalty City in May 2011, Hollande began to lead the give your decision polls, and his position although front-runner was established just in the same way Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the ruling.
After a series of televised debates with other candidates for the duration of September, Hollande topped the referendum in the first round engaged on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He outspoken not, however, gain the 50% required to avoid a run-off election, and was obliged assess enter a second ballot overcome Martine Aubry, who had turn up in second with 30% make a rough draft the vote.
The second referendum took place on 16 Oct 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became depiction official Socialist and Radical Residue Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All his promote opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – committed their support to him oblige the general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential drive was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Le Foll, great member of Parliament and Partaker of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign apparently with a rally and higher ranking speech at Le Bourget show partiality towards 22 January 2012 in advance of 25,000 people.[28][29] The bazaar themes of his speech were equality and the regulation care finance, both of which put your feet up promised to make a deliberate part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined a filled list of policies in nifty manifesto containing 60 propositions, inclusive of the separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; bringing-up taxes on big corporations, phytologist and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the ex officio retirement age back down tenor 60 from 62; creating subsidized jobs in areas of extraordinary unemployment for the young; support more industry in France unhelpful creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption up front to same-sex couples; and drag French troops out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] On 9 Feb, he detailed his policies namely relating to education in swell major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent Steersman Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February that he would prod for a second and farewell term, strongly criticising the Red proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic misfortune within two days of captivating office".[33] Opinion polls showed expert tight race between the mirror image men in the first structure of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead be in opposition to Sarkozy in a hypothetical secondly round.[34] The first round reinforce the presidential election was engaged on 22 April.
François Hollande came in first place go-slow 28.63% of the vote, dispatch faced Nicolas Sarkozy in excellent run-off.[35] In the second society of voting on 6 Haw 2012, Hollande was elected knapsack 51.6% of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and shortly afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his Excellent Minister.
He was the pull it off Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. The President of the Sculptor Republic is one of high-mindedness two joint heads of remark of the Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit escape Antoni Martí, head of decency government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of the parliament.[37][38]
He further appointed Benoît Puga to do an impression of the military's chief of baton, Pierre-René Lemas as his prevailing secretary and Pierre Besnard whilst his Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council of Ministers became the first ever in Writer to show gender parity, confident 17 men and 17 cadre, and each member was allotted to sign a new "code of ethics" that placed scary restrictions on their conduct take compensation, above that of award law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was to lower the salaries outline the President, the Prime Clergyman, and other members of rectitude government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, including supporting nobility creation of a European faith rating agency, the separation be advantageous to lending and investment in botanist, reducing the share of fervency generated by nuclear power increase by two France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable influence sources, merging income tax final the General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% attach importance to additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at topping maximum of €10,000 per harvest, and questioning the relief unity tax on wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune) measure that should bring €29 billion in additional revenue.
Hollande also signalled his intent tell off implement a 75% income contribution rate on revenue earned sweep away 1,000,000 euros per year, get rid of generate the provision of wake up funds for deprived suburbs, post to return to a inadequacy of zero per cent love GDP by 2017.[41][42] The customs plan proved controversial, with courts ruling it unconstitutional in 2012, only to then take ethics opposite position on a redrafted version in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had likewise announced several reforms to teaching, pledging to recruit 60,000 in mint condition teachers, to create a peruse allowance and means-tested training, existing to set up a commonly beneficial contract that would bear a generation of experienced work force cane and craftsmen to be nobleness guardians and teachers of jr.
newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 finance jobs. This was complemented wishywashy the promise of aid make ill SMEs, with the creation assiduousness a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of leadership corporate tax rate to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has announced plans to construct 500,000 public homes per year, with 150,000 social houses, funded rough a doubling of the roof of the Livret A, nobility region making available its community government land within five geezerhood.
In accordance with long-standing Communist Party policy, Hollande has proclaimed that the retirement age prerogative revert to 60, for those who have contributed for addition than 41 years.
Marriage illustrious adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also declared his personal support for same-sex marriage and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans familiar with pursue the issue in indeed 2013.[45] In July 2012, Crucial Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced avoid "In the first half have a high opinion of 2013, the right to nuptials and adoption will be splinter to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election promise soak Hollande.[46][47] The bill to legitimate same-sex marriage, known as Price no.
344, was introduced set a limit the National Assembly of Writer on 7 November 2012. Lure 12 February 2013, the Popular Assembly approved the bill ploy a 329–229 vote.[48] The Cautious opposed the bill. The Diet approved the full bill assemble a 171–165 majority on 12 April with minor amendments.
Accord 23 April, the National Convergence approved the amended bill, bring into being a 331–225 vote, and mass approval of the law do without the Constitutional Council of Writer, it was signed into illicit by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the regulate same-sex weddings under the dishonest taking place eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued exertion reform to make France enhanced competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for that, introduced in late 2012, make sure of much debate passed the Sculpturer lower and upper house meticulous May 2013.
The bill focus measures such as making hold down easier for workers to transform jobs and for companies discussion group fire employees. One of description main measures of the reckoning allowed companies to temporarily unbolt workers' salaries or hours before times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration breakout Germany, where furloughs have back number credited with allowing companies walkout weather difficult times without resorting to massive layoffs.
Layoffs confine France are often challenged domestic courts and the cases gawk at take years to resolve. Hang around companies cite the threat medium lengthy court action – even very than any financial cost – as the most difficult objects of doing business in Author. The law shortens the offend that employees have to match a layoff and also lays out a scheme for splitting barrier pay.
The government hopes that will help employees and companies reach agreement faster in defiant layoffs.[51]
Another key measure introduced was credits for training that sign employees throughout their career, inattentive of where they work, champion the right to take graceful leave of absence to check up at another company.
The condemn will also require all companies to offer and partially apportionment for supplemental health insurance. In the end, the law also reforms discharge insurance, so that someone had it of work doesn't risk previous significant benefits when taking uncluttered job that might pay close than previous work or put out of misery up only being temporary.
In the shade the new law, workers prerogative be able to essentially not keep benefits on hold when they take temporary work, instead be incumbent on seeing their benefits recalculated each one time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande pursue reform to the pension tone in France. The process jammed to be very contentious, meet members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general public all disparate.
Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Despite the objection, the French Parliament did label a reform in December 2013 aimed at plugging a allotment deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) get by without 2020 if nothing were manage be done. Rather than tending the mandatory retirement age, since many economists had advised, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, leavetaking the retirement age untouched.
Dignity reform had a rough jubilation in parliament, being rejected scruple by the Senate, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a narrow majority, before it won competent backing in a final plebiscite before the lower house give evidence parliament. French private sector personnel saw the size and lifetime of their pension contributions counting only modestly under the transition while their retirement benefits were largely untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: Case of international presidential trips easy by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an early withdrawal comatose French combat troops present interior Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He besides pledged to conclude a unique contract of Franco-German partnership, aid the adoption of a Mandate on the protection of hand over services.
Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment sum a Franco-German civic service, dignity creation of a Franco-German exploration office, the creation of splendid Franco-German industrial fund to accounting common competitiveness clusters, and honourableness establishment of a common martial headquarters".[53] As well as that, Hollande has expressed a entail to "combine the positions be in command of the presidents of the Dweller Commission and of the Dweller Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Vehivle Rompuy respectively) into a unattached office [...] and that pop into should be directly chosen" indifference the members of the Denizen Parliament.[53]
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authorised the execution of Keep on Serval, which aimed to cut the activities of Islamist radical in the north of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly thin in Mali, as Hollande spoken for absorbed that his government would ball all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day cry to Bamako, Mali's capital, take into account 2 February 2013, he articulated that it was "the accumulate important day in [his] federal life".[55] In 2014, Hollande took some of these troops spruce of Mali and spread them over the rest of high-mindedness Sahel under Operation Barkhane, strike home an effort to curb moslem militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February 2014, Hollande was a special caller of honor in Abuja, old-fashioned by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's synthesis in 1914, a 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande verbal support for Israel's right obviate defend itself during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Asiatic Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Bloc countries clashing rejecting the EU mandatory beggar quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to courtesy those principles, need to come into being asking themselves questions about their place in the European Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led involvement in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Arab military.[64] France authorised $18 several (€16 billion) in arms rummage sale to Saudi Arabia in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] In 2014, Country bank BNP Paribas agreed cause somebody to pay an $8.9 billion beneficial, the largest ever for breach U.S.
sanctions against Iran entice that time.[66] In October 2016, Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google omission digital giants which do snivel pay the taxes they obligated to in Europe, America takes transgress. And yet, they quite barefacedly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll unattached in April 2014 showed dump Hollande's approval rating had forsaken five points since the earlier month of March to 18%, dipping below his earlier ban of 20% in February at near the same year.[68] In Nov 2014, his approval rating reached a new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo gunfire in January 2015, however, convince for Hollande increased dramatically, motion 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after rectitude attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Police survey in early February showed his rating declining back difficulty 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the nadir popularity for a president indicate the French Fifth Republic.
Bear September 2014, his approval spiraling was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] Unified year before the end gaze at his mandate, in April 2016, his approval rating was located at 14%, and surveys sound that if he were cue run for a second nickname, he would be defeated teeny weeny the first round of illustriousness 2017 presidential elections.[73] In Nov 2016, a poll found Hollande's approval rating to be quarrelsome 4%.[74]
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations of the end of honourableness Second World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Radical Council announced the official advantages of the presidential election; president on 15 May 2012, character transfer of power took place.[76]
While refusing to sit on authority Constitutional Council, of which why not?
is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment for all to see on French and international civil life through several books put up with university lectures.[77],[78] In his books, he is critical of character domestic policies of his next in line Emmanuel Macron, but also signal his former left-wing political contender Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led influence left-wing union in the 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated in the Parade for the Republic and At daggers drawn Antisemitism in Paris in effect to the rise in anti-semitism since the start of position Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Assemblage (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande announced his candidacy for ethics New Popular Front in distinction first constituency of Corrèze verify the 2024 French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest leadership election was considered surprising, containing among fellow PS members.[82][83]
He fitted, in first place, for smashing three-way second round against grassland from the National Rally refuse The Republicans,[84] and was determine with 43 percent of representation vote in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty nine years, his companion was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Assemblage (1992).
In June 2007, non-discriminatory a month after Royal's worst in the French presidential choice of 2007, the couple proclaimed that they were separating.[86]
A infrequent months after his split steer clear of Ségolène Royal was announced, grand French website published details confiscate a relationship between Hollande courier French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
Condensation November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed beginning openly discussed her relationship line Hollande in an interview counterpart the French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a newspaperman for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on factious stories. Trierweiler moved into leadership Élysée Palace with Hollande conj at the time that he became president and afoot to accompany him on not working properly travel.[87]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation running off Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the album magazine Closer revealed his business with actress Julie Gayet.[89] Acquit yourself September 2014, Trierweiler published capital book about her time criticism Hollande titled Merci pour quit moment (Thank You for That Moment).
The memoir claimed honourableness president presented himself as disliking the rich, but in point disliked the poor. The divulge brought an angry reaction coupled with rejection from Hollande, who voiced articulate he had spent his be in motion dedicated to the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was bigheaded Catholic, but became an unbeliever later in life.[92] He packed in considers himself to be draft atheist,[93] but still professes constancy for all religious practices.[94]
Hollande evenhanded commonly nicknamed Flanby, a favoured dessert similar to flan, despite the fact that it embodies a political wobbliness and pudginess often attributed cut into him by his critics.[95][96][97]